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Positive Reinforcement for Children Essay

From an early age, youngsters start to find out about the relationship among practices and outcomes. They understand that there is continually going to be an outcome whether it’d be certain or negative, that would follow the conduct. Now and then youngsters act well indeed and more often than not, kids will in general give guardians and others around them trouble. With regards to conduct change, some fundamental advances incorporate recognizing the conduct, setting desires, observing advancement, and strengthening right practices. Encouraging feedback has a ton of impact on kids with regards to adjusting a focused on conduct. A reinforcer, which can be either positive or negative, is characterized as an occasion, improvement, or condition that, when introduced promptly following a conduct causes an expansion in recurrence of the conduct (Martin, G., and Pear, J., 2011 p 32). Uplifting feedback for Children There are different sentiments concerning the estimation of uplifting feedback when talking about changing practices of small kids (Sigler, E., and Aamidor, S., 1990). Youngsters will consistently require direction in great conduct, and it is a parent’s obligation to give this direction. Guardians can show great conduct and talk about with their youngsters what establishes great conduct, however it is helping kids follow up on their own that will permit them to comprehend what is fitting and what isn't in an assortment of circumstances. Everybody likes to be applauded and kids are the same. At the point when youngsters show great conduct, guardians ought to recognize their activities by praising their kids on their choices. Such encouraging comments permit youngsters to associate that what they did has fulfilled their folks, and subsequently was the right decision. For instance, when a kid puts his toys away without being asked, having a parent say â€Å"Well done!† and giving him a snuggle will assist him with interfacing that putting toys away is a decent choice. Be that as it may, guardians ought not mistake uplifting feedback for pay off. There is certainly a contrast between a prize and a pay off. In the event that you have explicit desires for a youngster, for example, completing their schoolwork before recess or tidying their room up each night, you should never offer pay-offs to get them to do these things. They have to discover that it is their duty to do these things. In any case, if your kid accomplishes something incredibly well, for example, getting a passing mark on an especially daunting test, at that point you ought to celebrate and remunerate their accomplishments. This will enable the kid to discover that there are sure things that are basically expected of them, yet that going â€Å"above and beyond† has its own prizes. Youngsters ought to be not be offered compensations in the expectations that they will act in a specific way, and positive results ought to never be offered a conduct is done. In the event that it is, at that point guardians can't know without a doubt whether a youngster acted a specific way since it was the correct activity or in light of the fact that he was advised to act a specific way and guaranteed a prize for doing as such. It is basic, preceding any conversation concerning adjustment of practices, to separate among ‘praise’ and ‘positive reinforcement’. In the most great definition, uplifting feedback is a strategy for distinguishing to kids which practices are adequate and proper and which are definitely not. All the more explicitly, the utilization of uplifting feedback is the demonstration of recognizing and empowering a conduct, with the expectations that the ideal conduct will build (Burden, 2003). The hypothesis is that any conduct followed by a charming improvement is probably going to be rehashed (Westen, 1999). This ‘pleasant stimulus’ can be anything ‘nice’ and can likewise incorporate a large number of other positive reactions (Alberto and Troutman, 1990). There are a few unique approaches to utilize uplifting feedback. At the fundamental level, you can think about the utilization of common fortification, social support, token fortification, and unmistakable support. These involve conveying a particular result following an ideal conduct that improves the probability that the conduct will proceed or increment later on. In spite of the fact that recognition is one of numerous types of uplifting feedback, it is in no way, shape or form the main or even the best decision when working with little youngsters. Instructors regularly use acclaim reciprocally with uplifting feedback when in reality a significant differentiation must be made between the two (Strain and Joseph, 2004). Consistency is significant while connecting with a youngster. One must adhere to the principles once they’ve been made, and don’t permit the kid to accomplish something one day and afterward not let them do it the following. Don’t mistake a kid for insignificant choices, and recollect that it’s frequently important to tell a youngster something more than one time. Talk unmistakably, and ensure that what you’ve said is comprehended. Most importantly, consistently keep up an uplifting demeanor, on the grounds that it’s a definite wager that they will impersonate you. Kids look to grown-ups, guardians, and educators for endorsement so as to affirm that the practices they are displaying are ones that are wanted (Lawhon and Lawhon, 2000). By recognizing the child’s conduct as fitting we show the youngster which practices are favored over others (Bukatko and Daehler, 2001). As crude as it might appear, most little kids act in a somewhat arbitrary way rehashing practices that get an ideal or positive response. A few kids, by some coincidence or instinct, carry on in a fitting way and some don't. In the event that their ‘reinforcement’ is consideration no matter what, at that point whatever consideration given, regardless of whether coordinated toward a negative conduct, will improve the probability that conduct will be rehashed (Sternberg, 1998). Small kids are egocentric. Little youngsters, particularly younger than four, have a troublesome time seeing how another person feels (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2002). This doesn’t imply that children are plain narrow minded yet just that their subjective improvement isn't sufficiently complex to comprehend their own feelings, considerably less somebody else’s. They can't take the viewpoint of another person and comprehend another’s emotions (Leong and Bodrova, 2003). As kids get more seasoned they start to realize what satisfies others, yet it is a progressive procedure that requires some serious energy (Swick, 2001). Uplifting feedback doesn’t unexpectedly work over night you have to get a handle on the child’s mind into speculation if â€Å"I do what I am revealed to I will get a treat†. The primary week or so might be somewhat shaky, you’ll discover the kid requesting treats or above all else once they have their treat they become rebellious. You should simply give a touch of comprehension on the issue â€Å"if you’re frightful you won’t get any more treats†. Never surrender to your restrained child rearing, your kid will kick, cry and shout hanging tight for you to yield so don’t give them any indications of splitting, the subsequent you give in they are in charge and the stepping stool is then twice as harder to move to the top. Individuals will in general marvel every once in a while, if encouraging feedback is genuinely successful. There are four key components to encouraging feedback that must be stressed. 1. Fortification serves to build an ideal conduct, while the objective of discipline is to diminish an undesired conduct (Jackson and Panyan, 2002). Acknowledge that grown-ups have a sharp understanding that an unfortunate conduct has a restricting alluring one. 2. There is a wonder known as ‘‘extinction burst’’ (Ormrod, 1999). This is the quick creation of a conduct once the fortification is removed. 3. It is imperative to recognize positive reinforcers that are effectively and rapidly feasible. Giving stickers or candy isn't constantly doable or attractive. That is the reason positive consideration itself is now and again the best decision. 4. Overlooking undesirable practices is a key, however it is fundamental to stop hazardous or harmful practices right away. To summarize everything, without a doubt when a youngster is occupied with an imaginative movement, such as drawing or painting, on the off chance that you demonstrate, ‘‘I like the shading blue you are using,’’ you will undoubtedly get a whole page of the shading blue. The significant point is to comprehend why that would occur (Sigler, E., and Aamidor, S., 1990). This doesn't occur on the grounds that the youngster sees an incentive in his/her own exercises or on the grounds that the kid is reliant on an adult’s endorsement. Truth be told, this happens on the grounds that what was said to the youngster satisfied him/her and the kid needs to be a piece of the life and the exercises that intrigue you. Be that as it may, with regards to ordinary practices in aversive circumstances that should be changed it is smarter to decidedly fortify. The straightforward guideline is: whatever you take care of is the thing that you get. On the off chance that you strengthen great conduct (whatever is attractive in your eyes) by giving acclaim and different sorts of positive consideration, youngsters will convey all the more great conduct.

Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory

Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Differences Between Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory. People often focus more on the topic of explicit memory, but researchers are becoming increasingly interested in how implicit memory works and how it influences knowledge and behavior. As any student can tell you, sometimes it takes a lot of work and effort to commit information to memory. When youre studying for a big exam, it might take hours of practice in order to remember what you studied. However, some other events, details, and experiences enter our memory with little or no effort. For example, on the way to class, you might hear a catchy pop song on the radio. Days later, you find yourself still humming that same tune. Why does it seem like some things are so difficult to remember  and other things so easy? Whats the difference? Cindy Chung/Verywell Explicit Memory When youre trying to intentionally remember something (like a formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history class), this information is stored in your explicit memory. People use these memories every day, from remembering information for a test to recalling the date and time of a doctors appointment. Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory since you can consciously recall and explain the information. Types of Explicit Memory Episodic memory: These are your long-term memories of specific events, such as what you did yesterday or your high school graduation.Semantic memory: These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge. Examples of Explicit Memory Some tasks that require the use of explicit memory include remembering what you learned in your psychology class, recalling your phone number, identifying who the current president is, writing a research paper, and remembering what time youre meeting a friend to go to a movie. Remembering the names and locations of different countries on a mapRecalling an event that happened in the pastRecalling all of the items on your shopping listBeing able to remember the birth dates of friends and family membersRemembering an important event from your life such as your school graduation, wedding, or another notable milestone Many examples of explicit memory involve textbook learning or experiential memories. These are things that you consciously need to bring into awareness. How Long Does Short-Term Memory Last? Implicit Memory Things that people dont purposely try to remember are stored in implicit memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious and unintentional. Implicit memory is also sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness. Where explicit memories are conscious and can be verbally explained, implicit memories are usually non-conscious and not verbally articulated. Implicit memories are often procedural and focused on the step-by-step processes that must be performed in order to complete a task.   Procedural memories, such as how to perform a specific task like swinging a baseball bat or making toast, are one type of implicit memory since you dont have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks.  While implicit memories are not consciously recalled, they still influence how you behave as well as your knowledge of different tasks. Examples of Implicit Memory Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth. Riding a bike is another example. Even after going years without riding one, most people are able to hop on a bike and ride it effortlessly. Navigating a familiar area such as your house or neighborhoodRemembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notesRecalling how to boil water to fix dinnerKnowing how to use utensilsRemembering how to drive a carKnowing how to dress yourself each day As you can see, these are skills that you learn and then dont have to relearn again in order to perform them. These memories are largely unconscious and occur automatically; you dont need to think about all of the exact steps you need to follow in order to complete each task. How Explicit and Implicit Memory Work In order to understand some of the key differences between these two types of memory, it can be helpful to compare the two: Explicit Memory Are encoded to memory and later retrieved Are often formed deliberately through rehearsal Can be encoded unconsciously and tied to emotions May be drawn into awareness through associations Implicit Memory Begins with learning skills and mastering a task Becomes automatic over time with repetition Recall is often dependent upon context and cues Can result in priming, or responding the same way to similar stimuli Heres a quick demonstration that you can try to show how implicit and explicit memory work. Type the following sentence without looking down at your hands: Every red pepper is tantalizing. Now, without looking, try naming the ten letters that appear in the top row of your keyboard. You probably found it quite easy to type the above sentence without having to consciously think about where each letter appears on the keyboard. That task requires implicit memory. Having to recall which letters appear in the top row of your keyboard, however, is something that would require explicit memory. Since you have probably never sat down and intentionally committed the order of those keys to memory, its not something that you are able to easily recall. Influences on Explicit and Implicit Memory Research suggests that there are a number of factors that can influence the formation of both explicit and implicit memory, including stress levels and emotional states. One study found that high-stress levels on working memory, a part of short-term memory that acts as a temporary holding space for information people are focusing on at the moment. This part of memory is important in the formation of explicit memories. The research also suggested that stress may actually facilitate the formation of implicit memories for negative emotional information. Studies have also suggested that mood can also play an important role in the formation and recall of explicit and implicit memories.   A Word From Verywell Explicit and implicit memory play important roles in shaping your ability to recall information and interact in your environment. Knowing some of the major differences between the two is important for understanding how memory works. How Stress Affects Memory

When to Use the Chinese Term 不好意思 Bù Hǎo Yì Si

The Mandarin Chinese phrase ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si)  is frequently used in Chinese culture as a way of saying excuse me, embarrassed, or â€Å"sorry.† The literal translation of ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬ Ã‚  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si) is â€Å"not good meaning.† Here are examples of instances in which it would be appropriate to use this phrase.   Receiving Gifts The Chinese tradition of gift-giving demands that the gift is first refused, and finally accepted with è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (xià ¨ xie) or ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si). Using the latter phrase conveys a sense of being abashed, like using the term you shouldnt have or theres no need in English. This dance of giving and receiving gifts is done for any type of gift, including picking up the tab in a restaurant. Apologizing ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si) is also used as a casual apology. The phrase could be used, for instance, if you bump into someone on a crowded subway or if you have kept customers waiting. In these scenarios, ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si) means something akin to excuse me or sorry.   Similarly, you can say ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si) when you need to interrupt someone for a question, such as asking for the bathroom, directions, or a similar favor. You can say ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬ , è ¯ ·Ã©â€" ®... (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬Ã‚  si, qÇ ng wà ¨n), which means Excuse me, but can I ask...   When apologizing for more serious inconveniences, you can use the phrase  Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ · (duà ¬ bà ¹ qÇ ) which means Im sorry. For really serious mistakes that call for an apology, you can use the phrase  Ã¥Å½Å¸Ã¨ °â€¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜ (yuà ¡nlià  ng wÇ’) which means forgive me.   Character Traits Because ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si) can also mean embarrassed, the Chinese phrase can be used to describe a persons characteristics. For example, if someone is shy and easily embarrassed, you could say ä »â€" (male) / Ã¥ ¥ ¹ (female)  Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (tÄ Ã‚  bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si). This means He / she is embarrassed. Likewise, if you are trying to encourage someone to be less bashful, you can say ä ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€ž Ã¦â‚¬  (bà ¹ yà  o bà ¹ hÇŽo yà ¬ si), which translates to dont be shy.

The Four Phases Of Small Business Strategy Planning

The Four Phases of Small Business Strategy Planning There are a host of definitions for strategy. Rather than trying to be comprehensive or creating a definition that tries to be the authoritative source, I ll use a simple definition of strategy for my purposes. Strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve outcomes. That s it. This definition is loyal to best tenants of strategy as well; be flexible, nimble and leave options until you reach the appropriate time or level to add further definition. The process of defining the desired outcomes is usually incorporated into the concept of strategy planning. In an agile and well-led organization, execution is also wrapped into strategy so that the plans can stay flexible, updated, and resources can be used to increase success. The best, most refined, and most successful strategy model has evolved from ancient China, was updated in Prussia, and has slowly been creeping into the business world. There are four steps to the process and I prefer to keep them all under the strategy umbrella to help leaders reach the planned outcomes. The iterative sequence is: setting goals, planning, actions, and outcomes. In setting strategic goals, you must consider what outcomes you desire for your business. Assuming that you are in business to earn revenue, you must link your outcomes to needs that your customers have in order to capture that revenue. The best source for setting goals is your business mission, values, and visionShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Benefits Of Strategic Management1674 Words   |  7 Pageswith respect to an example using the struggling retailer, Sears. Sears succumbed to the lack of innovation, which shows that if a firm stands still, it will be run over by the competition. 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Incoterms International Trade and Paid by Seller Essay Example For Students

Incoterms: International Trade and Paid by Seller Essay Legal Aspects in Management Project Report On INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TERMS THEIR RELEVANCE/EVALUATION Submitted to: Prof C. L. Bansal Submitted By: Group No. 9 | Section F Anunay Bhargava| PGP 26328| Arnab Chowdhury| PGP 26329| Chinmay Desai| PGP 26334| Devendra Singh| PGP 26337| Gaurav Bhuwania| PGP 26341| Saurabh Yadav| PGP 26365| Srivalson Nair| PGP 26371| | | Date of Submission: 10th September 2010 Table of Contents INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC)3 INCOTERMS4 The ‘E’ Term (no obligation for the seller)5 Responsibility Chart5 EXW – Ex Works, named place6 The ‘F’ Terms (Main Carriage Not Paid By Seller)7 FCA (Free Carrier)7 FAS Free Alongside Ship,8 FOB Free On Board8 Important Judgements9 The ‘C’ Terms (Main Carriage Paid By Seller)9 CIF – Cost, Insurance Freight, named ocean port of destination10 CFR – Cost Freight, named port of destination11 CPT Carriage Paid To, named place of destination12 CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To, named place of destination12 The ‘D’ Terms (Arrival)13 DES – Delivered Ex Ship, named port of destination13 DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay, named port of destination14 DDU Delivery Duty Unpaid, named place of destination14 DDP Delivery Duty Paid, named place of destination15 INCOTERMS 2000 – A Summary17 EVALUATIONError! Bookmark not defined. INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC) The ICC was founded in 1919 with an overriding aim to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. ICC is the voice of world business championing the global economy as a force for economic growth, job creation and prosperity. ICC activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. All the activities of the International Chamber of Commerce, whether of a policy or technical nature, aim: * To promote international trade, services and investment, while eliminating obstacles and distortions to international commerce * To promote a market economy system based on the principle of free and fair competition among business enterprises * To foster the economic growth of developed and developing countries alike, particularly with a view to better integrate all countries into the world economy ICC has direct access to national governments all over the world through its national committees. The organizations Paris-based international secretariat feeds business views into intergovernmental organizations on issues that directly affect business operations. The ICC has permanent observer status with the United Nations. The UN, the World Trade Organization, and many other intergovernmental bodies, both international and regional, are kept in touch with the views of international business through ICC. Member companies and business associations shape ICCs stance on any given business issue by participating in the work of ICC commissions. Commissions are the bedrock of ICC, composed of a total of more than 500 business experts who give freely of their time to formulate ICC policy and elaborate its rules. ICC makes policies in the following: * Anti-Corruption * Arbitration * Banking Technique and Practice * Business in Society * Commercial Practice * Competition * Customs and Trade Regulations * E-business, IT and Telecoms * Environment and Energy * Financial Services and Insurance * Intellectual Property * Marketing and Advertising * Taxation Trade and Investment Policy * Transport and Logistics INCOTERMS ICC’s International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) is a universally recognized set of definitions of international trade terms and is widely used in international commercial transactions. These are accepted by governments, legal authorities and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. This reduces or removes altogether uncertainties arising from different interpretation of such terms in different countries. Scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods sold. They are used to divide transaction costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller and reflect state-of-the-art transportation practices. Being standard international trade definitions, INCOTERMS are used every day in thousands of contracts. ICC model contracts thus make life easier for small companies that cannot afford big legal departments. ICC first introduced the INCOTERMS standard commercial terms in 1936. Representing a radically new concept in an industry regulated by local rules of law, the new terms were the first real attempt to bring coherence to a commercial and judicial system that diverged widely from one country to another. Since they were first introduced, the INCOTERMS rules have been revised about once a decade to keep up with the rapid expansion of world trade and globalization. The last revision was done in 2000. INCOTERMS regulate| INCOTERMS do not regulate| Delivering and taking delivery of goods| Transfer of ownership| Division of costs| The payment process| Transfer of risk| Applicable law| Proof of delivery, transport documents orequivalent electronic message| The jurisdiction| The INCOTERMS are grouped in four categories: E-Terms| EXW Ex Works| F-Terms| FCA Free CarrierFAS Free Alongside Ship FOB Free On Board| C-Terms| CFR Cost and Freight CIF Cost Insurance and Freight CPT Carriage Paid To CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To| D-Terms| DAF Delivered At Frontier DES Delivered Ex Ship DEQ Delivered Ex Quay DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid DDP Delivered Duty Paid | The ‘E’ Term (no obligation for the seller) Responsibility Chart SERVICES| EXW| Ex Works| Warehouse Storage| Seller| Warehouse Labor| Seller| Export Packing| Seller| Loading Charges| Buyer| Inland Freight| Buyer| Terminal Charges| Buyer| Forwarders Fees| Buyer| Loading On Vessel| Buyer| Ocean/Air Freight| Buyer| Charges On Arrival At Destination| Buyer| Duty, Taxes ; Customs Clearance| Buyer| Delivery To Destination| Buyer| EXW – Ex Works, named place ‘Exâ⠂¬â„¢ means ‘From’, ‘Works’ means a premise where the object of trade in question has been created or is located at present e. g. factory, mill or warehouses. Generally ‘Works’ indicates the seller’s premises. It applies to goods available only at the sellers premises. Seller’s Obligations Delivery – The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle. Risk The seller must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Notices The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice as to when and where the goods will be placed at his disposal. Buyer’s Obligations Delivery – The buyer must take delivery of the goods and arrange for the delivery vehicle Risk The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered Costs Expenses like transportation charges, insurance etc. to be borne separately by the buyer Notices -The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the place of taking delivery, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. The ‘F’ Terms (Main Carriage Not Paid By Seller) Responsibility Chart SERVICES| FCA| FAS| FOB| Free Carrier| Free Alongside Ship| Free Onboard Vessel| Warehouse Storage| Seller| Seller| Seller| Warehouse Labor| Seller| Seller| Seller| Export Packing| Seller| Seller| Seller| Loading Charges| Seller| Seller| Seller| Inland Freight| Buyer/Seller*| Seller| Seller| Terminal Charges| Buyer| Seller| Seller| Forwarders Fees| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Loading On Vessel| Buyer| Buyer| Seller | Ocean/Air Freight| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Charges On Arrival At Destination| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Duty, Taxes ; Customs Clearance| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Delivery To Destination| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| FCA (Free Carrier) There are actually two FCA terms: FCA Sellers Premises * The seller is responsible only for loading the goods and not responsible for inland freight; * Delivery is complete when the goods are loaded on the Buyer’s collecting vehicle * Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods are loaded on the Buyer’s vehicle FCA Named Place (International Carrier) * The seller is responsible for inland freight * Delivery is complete when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not unloaded from the seller’s vehicle * Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods have been delivered to the Buyer’s carrier at the named place. Other variations of FCA in practice are FOT (Free on Truck) FOR (Free on Rake). FAS Free Alongside Ship, named ocean port of shipment (e. g. FAS Kandla) Used for goods those are not containerized. Goods are placed in the dock shed or at the side of the ship in barges, within the reach of its loading equipment so that they can be loaded aboard the ship. Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods have been placed alongside the Buyer’s nominated Vessel/Ship at the named port of shipment. For Example – For bulk coal shipments, the Seller places oaded barges alongside the Buyer’s nominated Vessel. The coal is then loaded into the vessel at the cost of the Buyer i. e. the Stevedores and the loading equipment costs are borne by the Buyer. FOB Free On Board, named ocean port of shipment (e. g. FOB Dahej) The goods are delivered by the Seller on-board the Buyer’s nominated Vessel at the ocean port of shipment. It is the Seller’s respo nsibility to load the goods on the vessel i. e. the cost incurred in loading the cargo are borne by the Seller but the Freight is to the Buyer’s account. Frees on A Midsummer Nights Dream: Theseu EssayIn Delivered Ex Ship, the sellers or the exporters/manufacturers clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer on board the ship at the named port of destination, not cleared for import. The seller is thus responsible for all costs of getting the goods to the named port of destination prior to unloading. The DES term is used only for shipments of goods by ocean or inland waterway or by multimodal transport where the final delivery is made on a vessel at the named port of destination. All forms of payment are used in DES transactions. DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay, named port of destination In Delivered Ex Quay, the seller/exporter/manufacturer clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination, not cleared for import. The buyer, therefore, assumes all responsibilities for import clearance, duties, and other costs upon import as well as transport to the final destination. This is new for INCOTERMS 2000. The DES term is used only for shipments of goods arriving at the port of destination by ocean or by inland waterway. All forms of payment are used in DEQ transactions. Seller’s Obligations * The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale. * Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the gods to the named quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. If a specific quay (wharf) is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination which best suits its purpose. * Contract of insurance No obligation. The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay (wharf) referred to in or on the date or within the agreed period Buyer’s Obligations * The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale. * The buyer must obtain at its own risk and expense any import licence or official authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable, all customs formali ties necessary for the import of the goods. * The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. DDU Delivery Duty Unpaid, named place of destination Delivery Duty Unpaid (DDU) is used for transactions where the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the buyer at the named place of destination but not cleared for import. The seller bears all the costs involved in delivering the goods to the destination except the unloading costs from any means of transport used to carry the goods to the named place of destination as well as the import duty, if any, in the country of the destination. The buyer bears the import duty costs as well as the costs and risks associated with his failure to clear the goods for import as per schedule. DDU is used irrespective of the mode of transport. But when the delivery is to be made in a port on board a vessel or quay, the DES and DEQ terms are used. The seller does not assume any costs or risks associated with transporting the goods to any other final destination from the named place of destination. Seller’s Obligations Delivery – The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay (wharf)  on the date or within the agreed period. Transfer of Risks – The seller must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The seller must provide the buyer at the seller’s expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document or a multimodal transport document) to enable it to take the goods and remove them from the quay (wharf). Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message Buyer’s Obligations Delivery – The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered Transfer of Risks – The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message – The buyer must accept the delivery order or the transport document. DDP Delivery Duty Paid, named place of destination Delivery Duty Paid is used for transactions where the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the buyer at the named place of destination after clearing it through imports. Thus, the seller taxes and other charges required for import in the country of destination. Hence, DDP should not be used if the seller doesn’t have the capability to get an import license. The DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller as he is responsible for all the costs associated with getting the goods to the named place of destination. The two contracting parties can change these obligations by mentioning the exact requirements in the contract. The term may be used for all types of transports, except when delivery takes place on board a vessel or quay in the port of destination. Seller’s obligations Delivery – The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer or at that of another person named by the buyer, on any arriving means of transport not unloaded at the named place of destination on the date or within the period agreed for delivery. Transfer of Risks – The seller must, subject bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with his obligations as a deliverer. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The eller must provide the buyer at the sellers expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document which the buyer may require to take delivery of the goods. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message. Buyer’s obligations Delivery – The buyer must t ake delivery of the goods when they have been delivered. Transfer of Risks – The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered. The buyer must, should it fail to fulfil its obligations, bear all additional risks of loss of or damage to the goods incurred thereby. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The buyer must accept the delivery order or the transport document. - Misuse of the DDP shipment procedure: When a customer purchases goods from foreign countries, the domestic company which imports the goods from abroad is usually either affiliated to or a subsidiary of the exporting manufacturing firm. This introduces the possibility of misstating the real value of the goods at the time of import so that the duty on those items is reduced. The importing company then sells the goods off to the real customer at a much higher actual value. The Customs officials are slowly becoming aware of this practice and are denying the importing middle man the right to clear the goods stating that the title never passed to the importer and that the customer was the real owner of those goods. INCOTERMS 2000 – A Summary Areas of Improvement We found that there are certain areas which if covered under the INCOTERMS would reduce the potential conflicts faced in International Business. They are listed as per below:- Availability of Safe Birth/Port When the sale is on FOB terms, the Buyer nominates the carrying vessel to the Seller and the Seller loads the goods onboard the nominated vessel. It is nowhere mentioned that it would be the Seller’s responsibility to provide a safe birth/anchorage to the Buyer’s vessel. If it happens that there is some problem with the birth and the vessel owner refuses to load the cargo on the vessel, then a conflict might arise as to who would assume the demurrage losses unless such a term is expressly agreed in the contract of sale. Same thing applies to the Buyer in case of CIF or CFR purchases. Such a clause can be made a part of the INCOTERM itself by default, so as to avoid any confusion. Transfer of Title The INCOTERMS do not deal with how and when the title would be transferred to the Buyer. The Title in all the above arrangements under INCOTERMS is transferred to the Buyer depending on the contractual terms. The commonly used practice being the transfer of title once the Seller receives the full payment from the Buyer. References * http://www. iccwbo. org/incoterms/wallchart/wallchart. pdf * http://www. zurich. ch/site/pool/fkmu. Par. 0053. LangItems. en. File. tmp/Incoterm_2000_E_global. pdf   * http://www. uncitral. org/pdf/english/texts_endorsed/INCOTERMS2000_e. pdf   * http://www. i-b-t. net/incoterms. html * http://www. export911. com/e911/export/comTerm. htm#xFCA   * http://www. unece. org/cefact/recommendations/rec05/rec05_ecetrd259. pdf

Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States Essay Example

Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States Essay Jena Marshall SOC 145 Social Inequalities Professor Eskapoulli March 16, 2013 Final Paper INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades homelessness has become an increasingly visible problem within the United States. According to the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, we are now experiencing a period when extremely low-income housing needs are at an all-time high. While some communities are beginning to see reductions in chronic homelessness, in many communities family homelessness is exploding, and families with children are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population. On average it is believed that on any given night in the United States, 633,784 people are experiencing homelessness, 239,403 of which are families. Although no single factor can be held solely responsible for the current rates of homelessness, recent exploration through social science attributes the increase to a combination of structural inequalities inherent within the social institutions of the United States. In today’s society, inequalities seen within the educational system, combined with the declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs and a decrease in the availability of affordable family housing, largely influence the prevalence of homelessness. The book Angela Whitikers Climb, written by Isabel Wilkerson, offers a clear portrayal of the role poverty and education play in creating or restricting financial opportunity. The book shows how impoverished communities are at a disadvantage for receiving a quality education, which limits future financial opportunity and the ability to rise out of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This cycle perpetuates poverty throughout ones lifetime, as well as limiting the ability of future generations to achieve socio-economic mobility (Wilkerson Pg. 224). Angela book also shows how education is linked to financial security and is a critical factor in obtaining better living conditions. The declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs in today economy is another factor that has had an extremely negative impact on individuals and families ability to maintain a permanent residence. In this country, no state offers a minimum wage sufficient to allow a family with one full-time worker adequate earnings (at 30% of income) to afford the federal fair-market rent for a two-bedroom apartment. In fact, in 24 states, even families with two full-time minimum wage earners have insufficient income to meet fair-market rents without exceeding the 30% of income threshold for affordability. † (Anderson, 2003) The consequences of such conditions are visible in the current rate of homel ess in the United States. Unfortunately, for the many individuals and families who lose their home, it is even more difficult to get back into rental housing as  many property owners will not rent to tenants that have a poor history credit or a previous eviction, and they often require security deposits along with first and  last months rent. In today’s society, it can be reasonably argued that the primary cause of homelessness is the growing gap between housing costs and income, especially for the lower class. For the large percentage of Americans  who struggle to support themselves on minimum wage every year the decreasing availability of low-cost housing has made finding a permanent living situation almost impossible. According to research done by Anderson and his colleagues, the number of un-subsidized units affordable to extremely low-income households is currently 1. 2 million, while the number of extremely low-income households is estimated at 4. 5 million, which suggest a 3. 3 million unit deficit of affordable housing units in the United States. This shortage leaves thousands of people, especially families and single mothers, struggling to make ends meet and vulnerable to any type of personal or financial setback. Unfortunately, the lack of an adequate income, combined with scarce affordable housing, is at the root cause of thousands of people left on the streets every day. Because of the wide range of social stratification within the United States, it is not a surprise that there is a greater prevalence of homelessness for certain demographics. According to notes from class lecture, 33% of the homeless population are families with children, 17% of homeless individuals are single females, and 28% of homeless individuals are veterans. The Book Structured Inequality in the United States by David Baker discusses the role that race, ethnicity, and gender play in poverty and homelessness. The limited access of racial and ethnic groups and women to valued resources such as education constrains their ability to alter their social position in society (Baker, Pg. 5). Currently, the number of homeless families with children reflect the ost substantial increase in the homeless population and continued growth can be expected if a solution to the lack of affordable housing is not implemented. The inequality in demographic distribution is an extreme cause for concern, and holds serious consequences for the families and the youth of our nation. Family residential instability is associated with children’s poor attendance and performa nce in school; not having a primary source of medical care; lacking preventive health services (child immunizations), and suffering from various acute and chronic medical conditions, sexual assault, and violence. Anderson, 2003) While there have been many theorized solutions to homelessness in America, I believe that the book A New Poverty: Homeless Families in America, by Ralpha Da Costa Nunez , offers strategies which are more useful, through the structural deficit model of looking at homelessness, and therefore offering more practical solution. In his book, Nunez calls for a change in the national homeless policy through the transformation of the emergency shelter system into comprehensive residential-educational-employment training centers. These centers would be child focused and family based, similar to the organization Casa Esperanza, which my group volunteered at. He logically contends that with education, family preservation services, and job training, homeless families can more easily become self-sufficient (Nunez). When looking at homelessness as an issue, one must consider both the cause and the consequences of this most serious social problem. Casa Esperanza as an organization does a great job at combating against both aspects of homelessness through the support and assistance they provide. By providing shelter to individuals who dont have anywhere else to live, as well as vital resources such as food, hygiene materials, and hygiene services, the organization helps reduce the consequences of being homeless for many individuals. However, Casa Esperanza also makes a genuine effort to address the origin of homelessness for many individuals through their rehabilitative steps, designed to help implement changes necessary to achieve self sufficiency. In current times, shelters like Casa Esperanza are crucial in fighting against the stratification caused by the disparity of wealth, and the growing gap between housing costs and income. DISCUSSION The organization our group chose to volunteer for was Casa Esperanza Homeless Center. This organization is a local, non-profit, collaborative community effort, which works to fight against socioeconomic inequality by offering an array of services, emphasizing on emotional and physical health for the poor and the homeless. Casa Esperanzas main goal is to assist homeless individuals and families in achieving self-sufficiency, by helping as many as possible access the services they need to transition to stable employment and permanent living conditions. With this larger picture in mind, the services offered at this facility include, but are not limited to,  drug and alcohol counseling, mental health care, housing and job placement assistance, and the critical gift of temporary food and shelter. In addition to these services, specific programs at Casa Esperanza are designed to target and provide support for factors associated with socioeconomic inequality. These programs include the Street Outreach Program, the Day Center Program, the Transitional Shelter Program, and the Winter Shelter Program. The Street Outreach Program helps provide a network for homeless individuals by a process through which workers comb the streets of Santa Barbara every day, aiming to build relationships that allow the homeless to seek shelter for the first time. The lack of networks and/or support systems are a crucial difference between the general population and the homeless population, and this is often a key aspect if these individuals ending up on the streets. The Day Center Program helps provide valuable resources, which are often otherwise unavailable, along with a community support system. The center offers food, clothing, medical care, job development, social services, life coaching, substance abuse recovery, and other vital services that assist members/clients into permanent housing. As even a short period of homelessness can have serious consequences such as depression, depletion of resources and networks, as well as child neglect, the support from this program helps individuals and families get back on their feet, hopefully ending the cycle of homelessness. The Transitional Shelter Program aims to provide opportunity to homeless individuals and encourage self motivation. The center  provides immediate opportunities for those willing and otherwise capable of achieving self-sufficiency. This program provides a variety of supportive services to help the homeless stabilize and to assist them in utilizing other community-based resources and services. By providing these opportunities, homeless individuals are given access to a path towards upward mobility which would otherwise be nearly impossible. The  Winter Shelter Program has two hundred beds available from December 1st to March 31st, to shelter homeless individuals and families from extreme temperatures on the streets. The program includes breakfast, dinner, hygiene services, and medical support. By providing these resources, individuals are given a safe place to sleep, along with access to basic human necessities, and are able to lessen the effects of their homelessness. In addition to these centers and programs, living, employment, and personal transitions are facilitated by the staff and volunteers. They are committed to building trusting relationships with the homeless, providing emotional support and practical solution which encourage them to seek, find, and make use of the help they need. This multi tiered approach to the problem helps to address the interwoven causes and to prevent individual and family crisis leading to renewed homelessness. Because of the broad nature of the support provided at Casa Esperanza, the organization assists a variety of people, working against a number of social injustices associated with socioeconomic inequality. While the organization directly addresses socioeconomic issues, it also indirectly provides support against the affects of discrimination, disability, displacement, and a number of other social institution issues which facilitate homelessness. My group chose to volunteer at a homeless shelter because we wanted to work for an organization in which our contributions would manifest into immediate and visible results. We were looking for hands on involvement, where we could personally work with, and for, the members of the community most in need of our support. Casa Esperanza turned out to be a great choice for volunteering and provided us a deeply impactful and enriching experience. Through our volunteer efforts, we were personally involved with the process of making and providing food to homeless individuals, where we got firsthand experience with the population we were helping. This invaluable experience provided us a fuller understanding of the causes and effects of homelessness, and its accompanying social injustices. In addition, we were able to witness firsthand, the positive effect of activism on individual lives and the community as a whole. During our volunteer experience at Casa Esperanza our group helped cook in the kitchen every Wednesday from 8:30am till 11:00am, with responsibilities which included cutting and prepping vegetables, cutting bread, making pies, making lemonade, making pasta from scratch, and cooking salmon and other meats. We helped to prep and cook the day’s lunch and amenities, and because Casa Esperanza serves daily 200+ people per meal, three sets of hands were very useful to the head chef. There was always an abundance of work for my group to do and we always left wishing that we were able to offer more assistance. When we first started volunteering at Casa Esperanza we felt that we were simply acquaintances who had come together for the purpose of this class. However, as the weeks went on and we gained experiences together, we became surprisingly close. Our conversations, while we were cutting vegetables or doing other various cooking tasks, turned from light and casual to personal and deep. We all conversed about our shared human experiences and social backgrounds, and how they might relate to topics and lectures from class. We also bonded over how rewarding we found our volunteer work to be and over what we found interesting about the shelter and its cohabitants. Together we learned that there were more factors than we had anticipated associated with homelessness, and witnessing the life circumstances of many of the individuals at the shelter had a great effect on all of us. Common themes we identified with people from the shelter were devalued self esteem, domestic abuse, divorce, drug use, death within the immediate family, immigration status/limitations,  and a general lack of family or support networks. By the end of our volunteer program my group members and I grew very fond of the staff and individuals at Casa Esperanza, and we were glad that we had chosen to become involved with this organization. We also agreed that we would like to continue volunteering at the shelter in the future, as our schedules permitted. There is an obvious and critical need for better funding for this program. While Casa Esperanza has a great base structure and excellent programs, offering a variety of individual steps to assist in becoming self reliant, the organization needs greater outreach in order for the public to gain a further understanding of the impact of homelessness on our society in general, and to obtain the financial resources which are greatly needed. CONCLUSION In today’s society the origins, structure, and consequences of homelessness can be attributed to three factors: the inequalities seen within the educational system, the declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs, and a decrease in the availability of affordable family housing. While all three factors function separately, they are often interwoven and attribute to high rates of homelessness. For education, systematic inequalities work together to limit future employment opportunities for many impoverish community members. The long term effects of such disadvantage limit social mobility, and increase the probability of  homelessness. In addition the declining value of income for lower class families  coupled with an increasing scarcity of affordable housing, has led to a large rates of homelessness among impoverished communities, especially for families. Overall, while my group’s contributions at Casa Esperanza were only a tiny drop in the huge bucket of social need and injustice, we were able to personally feel the reward of choosing to make a difference. By helping to provide a secure source of food to these individuals, we were able to help them better utilize their time and available resources, such as money, to promote themselves and to move toward a better life situation. By providing certain resources, Casa Esperanza helps in breaking the cycle of homelessness, and allows an opportunity for self sufficiency and social mobility, which is desperately needed. WORKS CITED Aguirre, Adalberto, and David V. Baker. Chapter 1. Structured Inequality in the United States: Critical Discussions on the Continuing Significance of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. N. pag. Print. Anderson, L. M. , St. Charles, J. , Fullilove, M. T. , Scrimshaw, S. C. , Fielding, J. E. , amp; Normand, J. (2003). Providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income. American journal of preventive medicine, 24(3), 47-67. Beyond Shelter: Housing First, Ending Homelessness. Beyond Shelter: Housing First,   Ending Homelessness. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. beyondshelter. org/aaa_initiatives/ending_homelessness. shtml gt;. Nunez, R. D. C. (1996). The New Poverty: Homeless Families in America. Insight Books, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 233 Spring Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10013-1578. Housing, M. (2006). US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Wilkerson, I. (2005). Angela Whitikers climb. Class Matters. New York Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, 202-233.