tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46774552520399996632023-11-15T08:44:18.541-08:00Sociology essay writingCollege Entrance EssayCamila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-2161190433713973832020-08-23T01:47:00.001-07:002020-08-23T01:47:08.631-07:00The American Revolution Essays - , Term Papers Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-37207991073911140492020-08-21T23:29:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:29:38.205-07:00Positive Reinforcement for Children EssayFrom an early age, youngsters start to find out about the relationship among practices and outcomes. They understand that there is continually going to be an outcome whether itââ¬â¢d be certain or negative, that would follow the conduct. Now and then youngsters act well indeed and more often than not, kids will in general give guardians and others around them trouble. With regards to conduct change, some fundamental advances incorporate recognizing the conduct, setting desires, observing advancement, and strengthening right practices. Encouraging feedback has a ton of impact on kids with regards to adjusting a focused on conduct. A reinforcer, which can be either positive or negative, is characterized as an occasion, improvement, or condition that, when introduced promptly following a conduct causes an expansion in recurrence of the conduct (Martin, G., and Pear, J., 2011 p 32). Uplifting feedback for Children There are different sentiments concerning the estimation of uplifting feedback when talking about changing practices of small kids (Sigler, E., and Aamidor, S., 1990). Youngsters will consistently require direction in great conduct, and it is a parentââ¬â¢s obligation to give this direction. Guardians can show great conduct and talk about with their youngsters what establishes great conduct, however it is helping kids follow up on their own that will permit them to comprehend what is fitting and what isn't in an assortment of circumstances. Everybody likes to be applauded and kids are the same. At the point when youngsters show great conduct, guardians ought to recognize their activities by praising their kids on their choices. Such encouraging comments permit youngsters to associate that what they did has fulfilled their folks, and subsequently was the right decision. For instance, when a kid puts his toys away without being asked, having a parent say ââ¬Å"Well done!â⬠and giving him a snuggle will assist him with interfacing that putting toys away is a decent choice. Be that as it may, guardians ought not mistake uplifting feedback for pay off. There is certainly a contrast between a prize and a pay off. In the event that you have explicit desires for a youngster, for example, completing their schoolwork before recess or tidying their room up each night, you should never offer pay-offs to get them to do these things. They have to discover that it is their duty to do these things. In any case, if your kid accomplishes something incredibly well, for example, getting a passing mark on an especially daunting test, at that point you ought to celebrate and remunerate their accomplishments. This will enable the kid to discover that there are sure things that are basically expected of them, yet that going ââ¬Å"above and beyondâ⬠has its own prizes. Youngsters ought to be not be offered compensations in the expectations that they will act in a specific way, and positive results ought to never be offered a conduct is done. In the event that it is, at that point guardians can't know without a doubt whether a youngster acted a specific way since it was the correct activity or in light of the fact that he was advised to act a specific way and guaranteed a prize for doing as such. It is basic, preceding any conversation concerning adjustment of practices, to separate among ââ¬Ëpraiseââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëpositive reinforcementââ¬â¢. In the most great definition, uplifting feedback is a strategy for distinguishing to kids which practices are adequate and proper and which are definitely not. All the more explicitly, the utilization of uplifting feedback is the demonstration of recognizing and empowering a conduct, with the expectations that the ideal conduct will build (Burden, 2003). The hypothesis is that any conduct followed by a charming improvement is probably going to be rehashed (Westen, 1999). This ââ¬Ëpleasant stimulusââ¬â¢ can be anything ââ¬Ëniceââ¬â¢ and can likewise incorporate a large number of other positive reactions (Alberto and Troutman, 1990). There are a few unique approaches to utilize uplifting feedback. At the fundamental level, you can think about the utilization of common fortification, social support, token fortification, and unmistakable support. These involve conveying a particular result following an ideal conduct that improves the probability that the conduct will proceed or increment later on. In spite of the fact that recognition is one of numerous types of uplifting feedback, it is in no way, shape or form the main or even the best decision when working with little youngsters. Instructors regularly use acclaim reciprocally with uplifting feedback when in reality a significant differentiation must be made between the two (Strain and Joseph, 2004). Consistency is significant while connecting with a youngster. One must adhere to the principles once theyââ¬â¢ve been made, and donââ¬â¢t permit the kid to accomplish something one day and afterward not let them do it the following. Donââ¬â¢t mistake a kid for insignificant choices, and recollect that itââ¬â¢s frequently important to tell a youngster something more than one time. Talk unmistakably, and ensure that what youââ¬â¢ve said is comprehended. Most importantly, consistently keep up an uplifting demeanor, on the grounds that itââ¬â¢s a definite wager that they will impersonate you. Kids look to grown-ups, guardians, and educators for endorsement so as to affirm that the practices they are displaying are ones that are wanted (Lawhon and Lawhon, 2000). By recognizing the childââ¬â¢s conduct as fitting we show the youngster which practices are favored over others (Bukatko and Daehler, 2001). As crude as it might appear, most little kids act in a somewhat arbitrary way rehashing practices that get an ideal or positive response. A few kids, by some coincidence or instinct, carry on in a fitting way and some don't. In the event that their ââ¬Ëreinforcementââ¬â¢ is consideration no matter what, at that point whatever consideration given, regardless of whether coordinated toward a negative conduct, will improve the probability that conduct will be rehashed (Sternberg, 1998). Small kids are egocentric. Little youngsters, particularly younger than four, have a troublesome time seeing how another person feels (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2002). This doesnââ¬â¢t imply that children are plain narrow minded yet just that their subjective improvement isn't sufficiently complex to comprehend their own feelings, considerably less somebody elseââ¬â¢s. They can't take the viewpoint of another person and comprehend anotherââ¬â¢s emotions (Leong and Bodrova, 2003). As kids get more seasoned they start to realize what satisfies others, yet it is a progressive procedure that requires some serious energy (Swick, 2001). Uplifting feedback doesnââ¬â¢t unexpectedly work over night you have to get a handle on the childââ¬â¢s mind into speculation if ââ¬Å"I do what I am revealed to I will get a treatâ⬠. The primary week or so might be somewhat shaky, youââ¬â¢ll discover the kid requesting treats or above all else once they have their treat they become rebellious. You should simply give a touch of comprehension on the issue ââ¬Å"if youââ¬â¢re frightful you wonââ¬â¢t get any more treatsâ⬠. Never surrender to your restrained child rearing, your kid will kick, cry and shout hanging tight for you to yield so donââ¬â¢t give them any indications of splitting, the subsequent you give in they are in charge and the stepping stool is then twice as harder to move to the top. Individuals will in general marvel every once in a while, if encouraging feedback is genuinely successful. There are four key components to encouraging feedback that must be stressed. 1. Fortification serves to build an ideal conduct, while the objective of discipline is to diminish an undesired conduct (Jackson and Panyan, 2002). Acknowledge that grown-ups have a sharp understanding that an unfortunate conduct has a restricting alluring one. 2. There is a wonder known as ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëextinction burstââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (Ormrod, 1999). This is the quick creation of a conduct once the fortification is removed. 3. It is imperative to recognize positive reinforcers that are effectively and rapidly feasible. Giving stickers or candy isn't constantly doable or attractive. That is the reason positive consideration itself is now and again the best decision. 4. Overlooking undesirable practices is a key, however it is fundamental to stop hazardous or harmful practices right away. To summarize everything, without a doubt when a youngster is occupied with an imaginative movement, such as drawing or painting, on the off chance that you demonstrate, ââ¬Ëââ¬ËI like the shading blue you are using,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ you will undoubtedly get a whole page of the shading blue. The significant point is to comprehend why that would occur (Sigler, E., and Aamidor, S., 1990). This doesn't occur on the grounds that the youngster sees an incentive in his/her own exercises or on the grounds that the kid is reliant on an adultââ¬â¢s endorsement. Truth be told, this happens on the grounds that what was said to the youngster satisfied him/her and the kid needs to be a piece of the life and the exercises that intrigue you. Be that as it may, with regards to ordinary practices in aversive circumstances that should be changed it is smarter to decidedly fortify. The straightforward guideline is: whatever you take care of is the thing that you get. On the off chance that you strengthen great conduct (whatever is attractive in your eyes) by giving acclaim and different sorts of positive consideration, youngsters will convey all the more great conduct. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-45581833338962877572020-07-12T19:03:00.001-07:002020-07-12T19:03:02.605-07:00Implicit and Explicit Long-Term MemoryImplicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Differences Between Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory. People often focus more on the topic of explicit memory, but researchers are becoming increasingly interested in how implicit memory works and how it influences knowledge and behavior. As any student can tell you, sometimes it takes a lot of work and effort to commit information to memory. When youre studying for a big exam, it might take hours of practice in order to remember what you studied. However, some other events, details, and experiences enter our memory with little or no effort. For example, on the way to class, you might hear a catchy pop song on the radio. Days later, you find yourself still humming that same tune. Why does it seem like some things are so difficult to remember and other things so easy? Whats the difference? Cindy Chung/Verywell Explicit Memory When youre trying to intentionally remember something (like a formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history class), this information is stored in your explicit memory. People use these memories every day, from remembering information for a test to recalling the date and time of a doctors appointment. Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory since you can consciously recall and explain the information. Types of Explicit Memory Episodic memory: These are your long-term memories of specific events, such as what you did yesterday or your high school graduation.Semantic memory: These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge. Examples of Explicit Memory Some tasks that require the use of explicit memory include remembering what you learned in your psychology class, recalling your phone number, identifying who the current president is, writing a research paper, and remembering what time youre meeting a friend to go to a movie. Remembering the names and locations of different countries on a mapRecalling an event that happened in the pastRecalling all of the items on your shopping listBeing able to remember the birth dates of friends and family membersRemembering an important event from your life such as your school graduation, wedding, or another notable milestone Many examples of explicit memory involve textbook learning or experiential memories. These are things that you consciously need to bring into awareness. How Long Does Short-Term Memory Last? Implicit Memory Things that people dont purposely try to remember are stored in implicit memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious and unintentional. Implicit memory is also sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness. Where explicit memories are conscious and can be verbally explained, implicit memories are usually non-conscious and not verbally articulated. Implicit memories are often procedural and focused on the step-by-step processes that must be performed in order to complete a task. Procedural memories, such as how to perform a specific task like swinging a baseball bat or making toast, are one type of implicit memory since you dont have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks. While implicit memories are not consciously recalled, they still influence how you behave as well as your knowledge of different tasks. Examples of Implicit Memory Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth. Riding a bike is another example. Even after going years without riding one, most people are able to hop on a bike and ride it effortlessly. Navigating a familiar area such as your house or neighborhoodRemembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notesRecalling how to boil water to fix dinnerKnowing how to use utensilsRemembering how to drive a carKnowing how to dress yourself each day As you can see, these are skills that you learn and then dont have to relearn again in order to perform them. These memories are largely unconscious and occur automatically; you dont need to think about all of the exact steps you need to follow in order to complete each task. How Explicit and Implicit Memory Work In order to understand some of the key differences between these two types of memory, it can be helpful to compare the two: Explicit Memory Are encoded to memory and later retrieved Are often formed deliberately through rehearsal Can be encoded unconsciously and tied to emotions May be drawn into awareness through associations Implicit Memory Begins with learning skills and mastering a task Becomes automatic over time with repetition Recall is often dependent upon context and cues Can result in priming, or responding the same way to similar stimuli Heres a quick demonstration that you can try to show how implicit and explicit memory work. Type the following sentence without looking down at your hands: Every red pepper is tantalizing. Now, without looking, try naming the ten letters that appear in the top row of your keyboard. You probably found it quite easy to type the above sentence without having to consciously think about where each letter appears on the keyboard. That task requires implicit memory. Having to recall which letters appear in the top row of your keyboard, however, is something that would require explicit memory. Since you have probably never sat down and intentionally committed the order of those keys to memory, its not something that you are able to easily recall. Influences on Explicit and Implicit Memory Research suggests that there are a number of factors that can influence the formation of both explicit and implicit memory, including stress levels and emotional states. One study found that high-stress levels on working memory, a part of short-term memory that acts as a temporary holding space for information people are focusing on at the moment. This part of memory is important in the formation of explicit memories. The research also suggested that stress may actually facilitate the formation of implicit memories for negative emotional information. Studies have also suggested that mood can also play an important role in the formation and recall of explicit and implicit memories. A Word From Verywell Explicit and implicit memory play important roles in shaping your ability to recall information and interact in your environment. Knowing some of the major differences between the two is important for understanding how memory works. How Stress Affects Memory Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-64233961118291881192020-05-20T05:28:00.001-07:002020-05-20T05:28:07.500-07:00When to Use the Chinese Term ä¸Â好æâÂæâ¬Â Bù HÃŽo Yì Si The Mandarin Chinese phrase ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si)à is frequently used in Chinese culture as a way of saying excuse me, embarrassed, or ââ¬Å"sorry.â⬠The literal translation of ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠à (bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si) is ââ¬Å"not good meaning.â⬠Here are examples of instances in which it would be appropriate to use this phrase.à Receiving Gifts The Chinese tradition of gift-giving demands that the gift is first refused, and finally accepted with è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (xià ¨ xie) or ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si). Using the latter phrase conveys a sense of being abashed, like using the term you shouldnt have or theres no need in English. This dance of giving and receiving gifts is done for any type of gift, including picking up the tab in a restaurant. Apologizing ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si) is also used as a casual apology. The phrase could be used, for instance, if you bump into someone on a crowded subway or if you have kept customers waiting. In these scenarios, ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si) means something akin to excuse me or sorry.à Similarly, you can say ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si) when you need to interrupt someone for a question, such as asking for the bathroom, directions, or a similar favor. You can say ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠, è ¯ ·Ã©â" ®... (bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬Ã si, qà ng wà ¨n), which means Excuse me, but can I ask...à When apologizing for more serious inconveniences, you can use the phraseà å ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ è µ · (duà ¬ bà ¹ qà ) which means Im sorry. For really serious mistakes that call for an apology, you can use the phraseà 原è °â¦Ã¦Ëâ (yuà ¡nlià ng wÃâ) which means forgive me.à Character Traits Because ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si) can also mean embarrassed, the Chinese phrase can be used to describe a persons characteristics. For example, if someone is shy and easily embarrassed, you could say ä »â" (male) / Ã¥ ¥ ¹ (female)à ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(tà à bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si). This means He / she is embarrassed. Likewise, if you are trying to encourage someone to be less bashful, you can say ä ¸ è ¦ ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â æ⬠(bà ¹ yà o bà ¹ hÃŽo yà ¬ si), which translates to dont be shy. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-85223345280083490942020-05-06T23:04:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:04:13.185-07:00The Four Phases Of Small Business Strategy Planning The Four Phases of Small Business Strategy Planning There are a host of definitions for strategy. Rather than trying to be comprehensive or creating a definition that tries to be the authoritative source, I ll use a simple definition of strategy for my purposes. Strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve outcomes. That s it. This definition is loyal to best tenants of strategy as well; be flexible, nimble and leave options until you reach the appropriate time or level to add further definition. The process of defining the desired outcomes is usually incorporated into the concept of strategy planning. In an agile and well-led organization, execution is also wrapped into strategy so that the plans can stay flexible, updated, and resources can be used to increase success. The best, most refined, and most successful strategy model has evolved from ancient China, was updated in Prussia, and has slowly been creeping into the business world. There are four steps to the process and I prefer to keep them all under the strategy umbrella to help leaders reach the planned outcomes. The iterative sequence is: setting goals, planning, actions, and outcomes. In setting strategic goals, you must consider what outcomes you desire for your business. Assuming that you are in business to earn revenue, you must link your outcomes to needs that your customers have in order to capture that revenue. 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Driver for operational and financial efficiency who establishes core metrics that optimize team performa nce and maximize ROI across organizational functions. ________________________________________ CORE COMPETENCIES ï⠧ Strategic Planning, Budgeting Forecasting ï⠧ Financial Planning and Analysis ï⠧ PL Ownership Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-25189640195086416612020-05-06T07:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:27:36.543-07:00Incoterms International Trade and Paid by Seller Essay Example For Students Incoterms: International Trade and Paid by Seller Essay Legal Aspects in Management Project Report On INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TERMS THEIR RELEVANCE/EVALUATION Submitted to: Prof C. L. Bansal Submitted By: Group No. 9 | Section F Anunay Bhargava| PGP 26328| Arnab Chowdhury| PGP 26329| Chinmay Desai| PGP 26334| Devendra Singh| PGP 26337| Gaurav Bhuwania| PGP 26341| Saurabh Yadav| PGP 26365| Srivalson Nair| PGP 26371| | | Date of Submission: 10th September 2010 Table of Contents INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC)3 INCOTERMS4 The ââ¬ËEââ¬â¢ Term (no obligation for the seller)5 Responsibility Chart5 EXW ââ¬â Ex Works, named place6 The ââ¬ËFââ¬â¢ Terms (Main Carriage Not Paid By Seller)7 FCA (Free Carrier)7 FAS Free Alongside Ship,8 FOB Free On Board8 Important Judgements9 The ââ¬ËCââ¬â¢ Terms (Main Carriage Paid By Seller)9 CIF ââ¬â Cost, Insurance Freight, named ocean port of destination10 CFR ââ¬â Cost Freight, named port of destination11 CPT Carriage Paid To, named place of destination12 CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To, named place of destination12 The ââ¬ËDââ¬â¢ Terms (Arrival)13 DES ââ¬â Delivered Ex Ship, named port of destination13 DEQ ââ¬â Delivered Ex Quay, named port of destination14 DDU Delivery Duty Unpaid, named place of destination14 DDP Delivery Duty Paid, named place of destination15 INCOTERMS 2000 ââ¬â A Summary17 EVALUATIONError! Bookmark not defined. INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC) The ICC was founded in 1919 with an overriding aim to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. ICC is the voice of world business championing the global economy as a force for economic growth, job creation and prosperity. ICC activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. All the activities of the International Chamber of Commerce, whether of a policy or technical nature, aim: * To promote international trade, services and investment, while eliminating obstacles and distortions to international commerce * To promote a market economy system based on the principle of free and fair competition among business enterprises * To foster the economic growth of developed and developing countries alike, particularly with a view to better integrate all countries into the world economy ICC has direct access to national governments all over the world through its national committees. The organizations Paris-based international secretariat feeds business views into intergovernmental organizations on issues that directly affect business operations. The ICC has permanent observer status with the United Nations. The UN, the World Trade Organization, and many other intergovernmental bodies, both international and regional, are kept in touch with the views of international business through ICC. Member companies and business associations shape ICCs stance on any given business issue by participating in the work of ICC commissions. Commissions are the bedrock of ICC, composed of a total of more than 500 business experts who give freely of their time to formulate ICC policy and elaborate its rules. ICC makes policies in the following: * Anti-Corruption * Arbitration * Banking Technique and Practice * Business in Society * Commercial Practice * Competition * Customs and Trade Regulations * E-business, IT and Telecoms * Environment and Energy * Financial Services and Insurance * Intellectual Property * Marketing and Advertising * Taxation Trade and Investment Policy * Transport and Logistics INCOTERMS ICCââ¬â¢s International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) is a universally recognized set of definitions of international trade terms and is widely used in international commercial transactions. These are accepted by governments, legal authorities and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. This reduces or removes altogether uncertainties arising from different interpretation of such terms in different countries. Scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods sold. They are used to divide transaction costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller and reflect state-of-the-art transportation practices. Being standard international trade definitions, INCOTERMS are used every day in thousands of contracts. ICC model contracts thus make life easier for small companies that cannot afford big legal departments. ICC first introduced the INCOTERMS standard commercial terms in 1936. Representing a radically new concept in an industry regulated by local rules of law, the new terms were the first real attempt to bring coherence to a commercial and judicial system that diverged widely from one country to another. Since they were first introduced, the INCOTERMS rules have been revised about once a decade to keep up with the rapid expansion of world trade and globalization. The last revision was done in 2000. INCOTERMS regulate| INCOTERMS do not regulate| Delivering and taking delivery of goods| Transfer of ownership| Division of costs| The payment process| Transfer of risk| Applicable law| Proof of delivery, transport documents orequivalent electronic message| The jurisdiction| The INCOTERMS are grouped in four categories: E-Terms| EXW Ex Works| F-Terms| FCA Free CarrierFAS Free Alongside Ship FOB Free On Board| C-Terms| CFR Cost and Freight CIF Cost Insurance and Freight CPT Carriage Paid To CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To| D-Terms| DAF Delivered At Frontier DES Delivered Ex Ship DEQ Delivered Ex Quay DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid DDP Delivered Duty Paid | The ââ¬ËEââ¬â¢ Term (no obligation for the seller) Responsibility Chart SERVICES| EXW| Ex Works| Warehouse Storage| Seller| Warehouse Labor| Seller| Export Packing| Seller| Loading Charges| Buyer| Inland Freight| Buyer| Terminal Charges| Buyer| Forwarders Fees| Buyer| Loading On Vessel| Buyer| Ocean/Air Freight| Buyer| Charges On Arrival At Destination| Buyer| Duty, Taxes ; Customs Clearance| Buyer| Delivery To Destination| Buyer| EXW ââ¬â Ex Works, named place ââ¬ËExâ⠬⢠means ââ¬ËFromââ¬â¢, ââ¬ËWorksââ¬â¢ means a premise where the object of trade in question has been created or is located at present e. g. factory, mill or warehouses. Generally ââ¬ËWorksââ¬â¢ indicates the sellerââ¬â¢s premises. It applies to goods available only at the sellers premises. Sellerââ¬â¢s Obligations Delivery ââ¬â The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle. Risk The seller must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Notices The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice as to when and where the goods will be placed at his disposal. Buyerââ¬â¢s Obligations Delivery ââ¬â The buyer must take delivery of the goods and arrange for the delivery vehicle Risk The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered Costs Expenses like transportation charges, insurance etc. to be borne separately by the buyer Notices -The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the place of taking delivery, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. The ââ¬ËFââ¬â¢ Terms (Main Carriage Not Paid By Seller) Responsibility Chart SERVICES| FCA| FAS| FOB| Free Carrier| Free Alongside Ship| Free Onboard Vessel| Warehouse Storage| Seller| Seller| Seller| Warehouse Labor| Seller| Seller| Seller| Export Packing| Seller| Seller| Seller| Loading Charges| Seller| Seller| Seller| Inland Freight| Buyer/Seller*| Seller| Seller| Terminal Charges| Buyer| Seller| Seller| Forwarders Fees| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Loading On Vessel| Buyer| Buyer| Seller | Ocean/Air Freight| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Charges On Arrival At Destination| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Duty, Taxes ; Customs Clearance| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| Delivery To Destination| Buyer| Buyer| Buyer| FCA (Free Carrier) There are actually two FCA terms: FCA Sellers Premises * The seller is responsible only for loading the goods and not responsible for inland freight; * Delivery is complete when the goods are loaded on the Buyerââ¬â¢s collecting vehicle * Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods are loaded on the Buyerââ¬â¢s vehicle FCA Named Place (International Carrier) * The seller is responsible for inland freight * Delivery is complete when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not unloaded from the sellerââ¬â¢s vehicle * Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods have been delivered to the Buyerââ¬â¢s carrier at the named place. Other variations of FCA in practice are FOT (Free on Truck) FOR (Free on Rake). FAS Free Alongside Ship, named ocean port of shipment (e. g. FAS Kandla) Used for goods those are not containerized. Goods are placed in the dock shed or at the side of the ship in barges, within the reach of its loading equipment so that they can be loaded aboard the ship. Risk is transferred from the Seller to the Buyer when the goods have been placed alongside the Buyerââ¬â¢s nominated Vessel/Ship at the named port of shipment. For Example ââ¬â For bulk coal shipments, the Seller places oaded barges alongside the Buyerââ¬â¢s nominated Vessel. The coal is then loaded into the vessel at the cost of the Buyer i. e. the Stevedores and the loading equipment costs are borne by the Buyer. FOB Free On Board, named ocean port of shipment (e. g. FOB Dahej) The goods are delivered by the Seller on-board the Buyerââ¬â¢s nominated Vessel at the ocean port of shipment. It is the Sellerââ¬â¢s respo nsibility to load the goods on the vessel i. e. the cost incurred in loading the cargo are borne by the Seller but the Freight is to the Buyerââ¬â¢s account. Frees on A Midsummer Nights Dream: Theseu EssayIn Delivered Ex Ship, the sellers or the exporters/manufacturers clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer on board the ship at the named port of destination, not cleared for import. The seller is thus responsible for all costs of getting the goods to the named port of destination prior to unloading. The DES term is used only for shipments of goods by ocean or inland waterway or by multimodal transport where the final delivery is made on a vessel at the named port of destination. All forms of payment are used in DES transactions. DEQ ââ¬â Delivered Ex Quay, named port of destination In Delivered Ex Quay, the seller/exporter/manufacturer clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination, not cleared for import. The buyer, therefore, assumes all responsibilities for import clearance, duties, and other costs upon import as well as transport to the final destination. This is new for INCOTERMS 2000. The DES term is used only for shipments of goods arriving at the port of destination by ocean or by inland waterway. All forms of payment are used in DEQ transactions. Sellerââ¬â¢s Obligations * The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale. * Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the gods to the named quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. If a specific quay (wharf) is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination which best suits its purpose. * Contract of insurance No obligation. The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay (wharf) referred to in or on the date or within the agreed period Buyerââ¬â¢s Obligations * The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale. * The buyer must obtain at its own risk and expense any import licence or official authorisation or other documents and carry out, where applicable, all customs formali ties necessary for the import of the goods. * The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. DDU Delivery Duty Unpaid, named place of destination Delivery Duty Unpaid (DDU) is used for transactions where the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the buyer at the named place of destination but not cleared for import. The seller bears all the costs involved in delivering the goods to the destination except the unloading costs from any means of transport used to carry the goods to the named place of destination as well as the import duty, if any, in the country of the destination. The buyer bears the import duty costs as well as the costs and risks associated with his failure to clear the goods for import as per schedule. DDU is used irrespective of the mode of transport. But when the delivery is to be made in a port on board a vessel or quay, the DES and DEQ terms are used. The seller does not assume any costs or risks associated with transporting the goods to any other final destination from the named place of destination. Sellerââ¬â¢s Obligations Delivery ââ¬â The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay (wharf)à on the date or within the agreed period. Transfer of Risks ââ¬â The seller must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The seller must provide the buyer at the sellerââ¬â¢s expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document or a multimodal transport document) to enable it to take the goods and remove them from the quay (wharf). Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message Buyerââ¬â¢s Obligations Delivery ââ¬â The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered Transfer of Risks ââ¬â The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message ââ¬â The buyer must accept the delivery order or the transport document. DDP Delivery Duty Paid, named place of destination Delivery Duty Paid is used for transactions where the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the buyer at the named place of destination after clearing it through imports. Thus, the seller taxes and other charges required for import in the country of destination. Hence, DDP should not be used if the seller doesnââ¬â¢t have the capability to get an import license. The DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller as he is responsible for all the costs associated with getting the goods to the named place of destination. The two contracting parties can change these obligations by mentioning the exact requirements in the contract. The term may be used for all types of transports, except when delivery takes place on board a vessel or quay in the port of destination. Sellerââ¬â¢s obligations Delivery ââ¬â The seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer or at that of another person named by the buyer, on any arriving means of transport not unloaded at the named place of destination on the date or within the period agreed for delivery. Transfer of Risks ââ¬â The seller must, subject bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with his obligations as a deliverer. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The eller must provide the buyer at the sellers expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document which the buyer may require to take delivery of the goods. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message. Buyerââ¬â¢s obligations Delivery ââ¬â The buyer must t ake delivery of the goods when they have been delivered. Transfer of Risks ââ¬â The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered. The buyer must, should it fail to fulfil its obligations, bear all additional risks of loss of or damage to the goods incurred thereby. Proof of Delivery, Transport Document or Equivalent Electronic Message The buyer must accept the delivery order or the transport document. - Misuse of the DDP shipment procedure: When a customer purchases goods from foreign countries, the domestic company which imports the goods from abroad is usually either affiliated to or a subsidiary of the exporting manufacturing firm. This introduces the possibility of misstating the real value of the goods at the time of import so that the duty on those items is reduced. The importing company then sells the goods off to the real customer at a much higher actual value. The Customs officials are slowly becoming aware of this practice and are denying the importing middle man the right to clear the goods stating that the title never passed to the importer and that the customer was the real owner of those goods. INCOTERMS 2000 ââ¬â A Summary Areas of Improvement We found that there are certain areas which if covered under the INCOTERMS would reduce the potential conflicts faced in International Business. They are listed as per below:- Availability of Safe Birth/Port When the sale is on FOB terms, the Buyer nominates the carrying vessel to the Seller and the Seller loads the goods onboard the nominated vessel. It is nowhere mentioned that it would be the Sellerââ¬â¢s responsibility to provide a safe birth/anchorage to the Buyerââ¬â¢s vessel. If it happens that there is some problem with the birth and the vessel owner refuses to load the cargo on the vessel, then a conflict might arise as to who would assume the demurrage losses unless such a term is expressly agreed in the contract of sale. Same thing applies to the Buyer in case of CIF or CFR purchases. Such a clause can be made a part of the INCOTERM itself by default, so as to avoid any confusion. Transfer of Title The INCOTERMS do not deal with how and when the title would be transferred to the Buyer. The Title in all the above arrangements under INCOTERMS is transferred to the Buyer depending on the contractual terms. The commonly used practice being the transfer of title once the Seller receives the full payment from the Buyer. References * http://www. iccwbo. org/incoterms/wallchart/wallchart. pdf * http://www. zurich. ch/site/pool/fkmu. Par. 0053. LangItems. en. File. tmp/Incoterm_2000_E_global. pdfà * http://www. uncitral. org/pdf/english/texts_endorsed/INCOTERMS2000_e. pdfà * http://www. i-b-t. net/incoterms. html * http://www. export911. com/e911/export/comTerm. htm#xFCAà * http://www. unece. org/cefact/recommendations/rec05/rec05_ecetrd259. pdf Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-22781442115522564732020-04-23T19:48:00.001-07:002020-04-23T19:48:03.462-07:00Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States Essay ExampleSocietal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States Essay Jena Marshall SOC 145 Social Inequalities Professor Eskapoulli March 16, 2013 Final Paper INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades homelessness has become an increasingly visible problem within the United States. According to the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, we are now experiencing a period when extremely low-income housing needs are at an all-time high. While some communities are beginning to see reductions in chronic homelessness, in many communities family homelessness is exploding, and families with children are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population. On average it is believed that on any given night in the United States, 633,784 people are experiencing homelessness, 239,403 of which are families. Although no single factor can be held solely responsible for the current rates of homelessness, recent exploration through social science attributes the increase to a combination of structural inequalities inherent within the social institutions of the United States. In todayââ¬â¢s society, inequalities seen within the educational system, combined with the declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs and a decrease in the availability of affordable family housing, largely influence the prevalence of homelessness. The book Angela Whitikers Climb, written by Isabel Wilkerson, offers a clear portrayal of the role poverty and education play in creating or restricting financial opportunity. The book shows how impoverished communities are at a disadvantage for receiving a quality education, which limits future financial opportunity and the ability to rise out of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This cycle perpetuates poverty throughout ones lifetime, as well as limiting the ability of future generations to achieve socio-economic mobility (Wilkerson Pg. 224). Angela book also shows how education is linked to financial security and is a critical factor in obtaining better living conditions. The declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs in today economy is another factor that has had an extremely negative impact on individuals and families ability to maintain a permanent residence. In this country, no state offers a minimum wage sufficient to allow a family with one full-time worker adequate earnings (at 30% of income) to afford the federal fair-market rent for a two-bedroom apartment. In fact, in 24 states, even families with two full-time minimum wage earners have insufficient income to meet fair-market rents without exceeding the 30% of income threshold for affordability. â⬠(Anderson, 2003) The consequences of such conditions are visible in the current rate of homel ess in the United States. Unfortunately, for the many individuals and families who lose their home, it is even more difficult to get back into rental housing asà many property owners will not rent to tenants that have a poor history credit or a previous eviction, and they often require security deposits along with first andà last months rent. In todayââ¬â¢s society, it can be reasonably argued that the primary cause of homelessness is the growing gap between housing costs and income, especially for the lower class. For the large percentage of Americansà who struggle to support themselves on minimum wage every year the decreasing availability of low-cost housing has made finding a permanent living situation almost impossible. According to research done by Anderson and his colleagues, the number of un-subsidized units affordable to extremely low-income households is currently 1. 2 million, while the number of extremely low-income households is estimated at 4. 5 million, which suggest a 3. 3 million unit deficit of affordable housing units in the United States. This shortage leaves thousands of people, especially families and single mothers, struggling to make ends meet and vulnerable to any type of personal or financial setback. Unfortunately, the lack of an adequate income, combined with scarce affordable housing, is at the root cause of thousands of people left on the streets every day. Because of the wide range of social stratification within the United States, it is not a surprise that there is a greater prevalence of homelessness for certain demographics. According to notes from class lecture, 33% of the homeless population are families with children, 17% of homeless individuals are single females, and 28% of homeless individuals are veterans. The Book Structured Inequality in the United States by David Baker discusses the role that race, ethnicity, and gender play in poverty and homelessness. The limited access of racial and ethnic groups and women to valued resources such as education constrains their ability to alter their social position in society (Baker, Pg. 5). Currently, the number of homeless families with children reflect the ost substantial increase in the homeless population and continued growth can be expected if a solution to the lack of affordable housing is not implemented. The inequality in demographic distribution is an extreme cause for concern, and holds serious consequences for the families and the youth of our nation. Family residential instability is associated with childrenââ¬â¢s poor attendance and performa nce in school; not having a primary source of medical care; lacking preventive health services (child immunizations), and suffering from various acute and chronic medical conditions, sexual assault, and violence. Anderson, 2003) While there have been many theorized solutions to homelessness in America, I believe that the book A New Poverty: Homeless Families in America, by Ralpha Da Costa Nunez , offers strategies which are more useful, through the structural deficit model of looking at homelessness, and therefore offering more practical solution. In his book, Nunez calls for a change in the national homeless policy through the transformation of the emergency shelter system into comprehensive residential-educational-employment training centers. These centers would be child focused and family based, similar to the organization Casa Esperanza, which my group volunteered at. He logically contends that with education, family preservation services, and job training, homeless families can more easily become self-sufficient (Nunez). When looking at homelessness as an issue, one must consider both the cause and the consequences of this most serious social problem. Casa Esperanza as an organization does a great job at combating against both aspects of homelessness through the support and assistance they provide. By providing shelter to individuals who dont have anywhere else to live, as well as vital resources such as food, hygiene materials, and hygiene services, the organization helps reduce the consequences of being homeless for many individuals. However, Casa Esperanza also makes a genuine effort to address the origin of homelessness for many individuals through their rehabilitative steps, designed to help implement changes necessary to achieve self sufficiency. In current times, shelters like Casa Esperanza are crucial in fighting against the stratification caused by the disparity of wealth, and the growing gap between housing costs and income. DISCUSSION The organization our group chose to volunteer for was Casa Esperanza Homeless Center. This organization is a local, non-profit, collaborative community effort, which works to fight against socioeconomic inequality by offering an array of services, emphasizing on emotional and physical health for the poor and the homeless. Casa Esperanzas main goal is to assist homeless individuals and families in achieving self-sufficiency, by helping as many as possible access the services they need to transition to stable employment and permanent living conditions. With this larger picture in mind, the services offered at this facility include, but are not limited to,à drug and alcohol counseling, mental health care, housing and job placement assistance, and the critical gift of temporary food and shelter. In addition to these services, specific programs at Casa Esperanza are designed to target and provide support for factors associated with socioeconomic inequality. These programs include the Street Outreach Program, the Day Center Program, the Transitional Shelter Program, and the Winter Shelter Program. The Street Outreach Program helps provide a network for homeless individuals by a process through which workers comb the streets of Santa Barbara every day, aiming to build relationships that allow the homeless to seek shelter for the first time. The lack of networks and/or support systems are a crucial difference between the general population and the homeless population, and this is often a key aspect if these individuals ending up on the streets. The Day Center Program helps provide valuable resources, which are often otherwise unavailable, along with a community support system. The center offers food, clothing, medical care, job development, social services, life coaching, substance abuse recovery, and other vital services that assist members/clients into permanent housing. As even a short period of homelessness can have serious consequences such as depression, depletion of resources and networks, as well as child neglect, the support from this program helps individuals and families get back on their feet, hopefully ending the cycle of homelessness. The Transitional Shelter Program aims to provide opportunity to homeless individuals and encourage self motivation. The centerà provides immediate opportunities for those willing and otherwise capable of achieving self-sufficiency. This program provides a variety of supportive services to help the homeless stabilize and to assist them in utilizing other community-based resources and services. By providing these opportunities, homeless individuals are given access to a path towards upward mobility which would otherwise be nearly impossible. Theà Winter Shelter Program has two hundred beds available from December 1st to March 31st, to shelter homeless individuals and families from extreme temperatures on the streets. The program includes breakfast, dinner, hygiene services, and medical support. By providing these resources, individuals are given a safe place to sleep, along with access to basic human necessities, and are able to lessen the effects of their homelessness. In addition to these centers and programs, living, employment, and personal transitions are facilitated by the staff and volunteers. They are committed to building trusting relationships with the homeless, providing emotional support and practical solution which encourage them to seek, find, and make use of the help they need. This multi tiered approach to the problem helps to address the interwoven causes and to prevent individual and family crisis leading to renewed homelessness. Because of the broad nature of the support provided at Casa Esperanza, the organization assists a variety of people, working against a number of social injustices associated with socioeconomic inequality. While the organization directly addresses socioeconomic issues, it also indirectly provides support against the affects of discrimination, disability, displacement, and a number of other social institution issues which facilitate homelessness. My group chose to volunteer at a homeless shelter because we wanted to work for an organization in which our contributions would manifest into immediate and visible results. We were looking for hands on involvement, where we could personally work with, and for, the members of the community most in need of our support. Casa Esperanza turned out to be a great choice for volunteering and provided us a deeply impactful and enriching experience. Through our volunteer efforts, we were personally involved with the process of making and providing food to homeless individuals, where we got firsthand experience with the population we were helping. This invaluable experience provided us a fuller understanding of the causes and effects of homelessness, and its accompanying social injustices. In addition, we were able to witness firsthand, the positive effect of activism on individual lives and the community as a whole. During our volunteer experience at Casa Esperanza our group helped cook in the kitchen every Wednesday from 8:30am till 11:00am, with responsibilities which included cutting and prepping vegetables, cutting bread, making pies, making lemonade, making pasta from scratch, and cooking salmon and other meats. We helped to prep and cook the dayââ¬â¢s lunch and amenities, and because Casa Esperanza serves daily 200+ people per meal, three sets of hands were very useful to the head chef. There was always an abundance of work for my group to do and we always left wishing that we were able to offer more assistance. When we first started volunteering at Casa Esperanza we felt that we were simply acquaintances who had come together for the purpose of this class. However, as the weeks went on and we gained experiences together, we became surprisingly close. Our conversations, while we were cutting vegetables or doing other various cooking tasks, turned from light and casual to personal and deep. We all conversed about our shared human experiences and social backgrounds, and how they might relate to topics and lectures from class. We also bonded over how rewarding we found our volunteer work to be and over what we found interesting about the shelter and its cohabitants. Together we learned that there were more factors than we had anticipated associated with homelessness, and witnessing the life circumstances of many of the individuals at the shelter had a great effect on all of us. Common themes we identified with people from the shelter were devalued self esteem, domestic abuse, divorce, drug use, death within the immediate family, immigration status/limitations,à and a general lack of family or support networks. By the end of our volunteer program my group members and I grew very fond of the staff and individuals at Casa Esperanza, and we were glad that we had chosen to become involved with this organization. We also agreed that we would like to continue volunteering at the shelter in the future, as our schedules permitted. There is an obvious and critical need for better funding for this program. While Casa Esperanza has a great base structure and excellent programs, offering a variety of individual steps to assist in becoming self reliant, the organization needs greater outreach in order for the public to gain a further understanding of the impact of homelessness on our society in general, and to obtain the financial resources which are greatly needed. CONCLUSION In todayââ¬â¢s society the origins, structure, and consequences of homelessness can be attributed to three factors: the inequalities seen within the educational system, the declining purchasing power of low-wage jobs, and a decrease in the availability of affordable family housing. While all three factors function separately, they are often interwoven and attribute to high rates of homelessness. For education, systematic inequalities work together to limit future employment opportunities for many impoverish community members. The long term effects of such disadvantage limit social mobility, and increase the probability ofà homelessness. In addition the declining value of income for lower class familiesà coupled with an increasing scarcity of affordable housing, has led to a large rates of homelessness among impoverished communities, especially for families. Overall, while my groupââ¬â¢s contributions at Casa Esperanza were only a tiny drop in the huge bucket of social need and injustice, we were able to personally feel the reward of choosing to make a difference. By helping to provide a secure source of food to these individuals, we were able to help them better utilize their time and available resources, such as money, to promote themselves and to move toward a better life situation. By providing certain resources, Casa Esperanza helps in breaking the cycle of homelessness, and allows an opportunity for self sufficiency and social mobility, which is desperately needed. WORKS CITED Aguirre, Adalberto, and David V. Baker. Chapter 1. Structured Inequality in the United States: Critical Discussions on the Continuing Significance of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. N. pag. Print. Anderson, L. M. , St. Charles, J. , Fullilove, M. T. , Scrimshaw, S. C. , Fielding, J. E. , amp; Normand, J. (2003). Providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income. American journal of preventive medicine, 24(3), 47-67. Beyond Shelter: Housing First, Ending Homelessness. Beyond Shelter: Housing First,à Ending Homelessness. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. beyondshelter. org/aaa_initiatives/ending_homelessness. shtml gt;. Nunez, R. D. C. (1996). The New Poverty: Homeless Families in America. Insight Books, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 233 Spring Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10013-1578. Housing, M. (2006). US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Wilkerson, I. (2005). Angela Whitikers climb. Class Matters. New York Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, 202-233. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-16693972377291179472020-03-17T15:28:00.001-07:002020-03-17T15:28:03.205-07:00Free Essays on Private Threating EnviromentsPrivate Threatening Environments 1 Running head : THE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENING EVIRONMENTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROCESSING Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private? The Implications of Threating Environments on Intellectual Processing Alcorn State University Private Threatening Environments 2 Ben-Zeev, T & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private The Implications of Threatening Eviornments on Intellectual Processing. Journal of Educational Psychology Summary of Article Education statiatics show that a very small amount of women are in the field of math and science. Although women represent over half of the student body, they are a small percentage that graduate in math and science. (National Science Foundation,200). The authors look at the question, how under representation of females reflect gender makeup, tokenism, and stereotypes in classrooms. It can also explain how females perform under the pressure of negative stereotypes in math and science. The authors make an argument that the females in a group adds the awareness of ones gender which increases negative stereotypes associated with that. The authors indentify that the females who cared the most about doing seemed to be affected the most by the pressures of stereotypes. In this study the authors examine how the students performed or unperformed in a private or public setting. The authors concentrated on females who were identified as being good in math. They attempted to evaluate the female students and how they affected by situations and stereotypes. The authors did a good job of getting data by controlled evaluation and other accurate research information already available. The research leans to the assumption that work in public adds pressure to the threat of stereoty... Free Essays on Private Threating Enviroments Free Essays on Private Threating Enviroments Private Threatening Environments 1 Running head : THE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENING EVIRONMENTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROCESSING Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private? The Implications of Threating Environments on Intellectual Processing Alcorn State University Private Threatening Environments 2 Ben-Zeev, T & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private The Implications of Threatening Eviornments on Intellectual Processing. Journal of Educational Psychology Summary of Article Education statiatics show that a very small amount of women are in the field of math and science. Although women represent over half of the student body, they are a small percentage that graduate in math and science. (National Science Foundation,200). The authors look at the question, how under representation of females reflect gender makeup, tokenism, and stereotypes in classrooms. It can also explain how females perform under the pressure of negative stereotypes in math and science. The authors make an argument that the females in a group adds the awareness of ones gender which increases negative stereotypes associated with that. The authors indentify that the females who cared the most about doing seemed to be affected the most by the pressures of stereotypes. In this study the authors examine how the students performed or unperformed in a private or public setting. The authors concentrated on females who were identified as being good in math. They attempted to evaluate the female students and how they affected by situations and stereotypes. The authors did a good job of getting data by controlled evaluation and other accurate research information already available. The research leans to the assumption that work in public adds pressure to the threat of stereoty... Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-27269985562704650972020-03-01T07:15:00.001-08:002020-03-01T07:15:02.960-08:00About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a Cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government. The Justice Department is responsible for enforcing the laws enacted by Congress, administration of the U.S. justice system, and ensuring that the civil and constitutional rights of all Americans are upheld. The DOJ was established in 1870, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and spent its early years prosecuting members of the Ku Klux Klan. The DOJ oversees the activities of multiple federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DOJ represents and defends the U.S. governmentââ¬â¢s position in legal proceedings, including cases heard by the Supreme Court. The DOJ also investigates cases of financial fraud, administers the federal prison system, and reviews the actions of local law enforcement agencies according to the provisions of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. In addition, the DOJ oversees the actions of the 93 U.S. Attorneys who represent the federal government in courtrooms nationwide. Organization and History The Department of Justice is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the U.S. Senate. The Attorney General is a member of the Presidentââ¬â¢s Cabinet. At first, a one-person, part-time job, the position of Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. At the time, the duties of the Attorney General were limited to providing legal advice to the president and Congress. Until 1853, the Attorney General, as a part-time employee, was paid substantially less than the other Cabinet members. As a result, those early Attorneys General typically supplemented their salary by continuing to conduct their own private law practices, often representing paying clients before state and local courts in both civil and criminal cases. In 1830 and again in 1846, various members of Congress tried to make the Attorney Generals Office a full-time position. Finally, in 1869, Congress considered and passed a bill creating a Department of Justice to be headed by a full-time Attorney General. President Grant signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870, and the Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, 1870. Appointed by President Grant, Amos T. Akerman served as Americaââ¬â¢s first Attorney General and used his position to vigorously pursue and prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. During President Grants first term alone, the Justice Department had issued indictments against Klan members, with over 550 convictions. In 1871, those numbers increased to 3,000 indictments and 600 convictions. The 1869 law that created the Department of Justice also increased the Attorney Generals responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the exclusive representation of the United States in all court actions. The law also permanently barred the federal government from using private lawyers and created the office of Solicitor General to represent the government before the Supreme Court. In 1884, control of the federal prison system was transferred to the Justice Department from the Department of the Interior. In 1887, enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act gave the Justice Department responsibility for some law enforcement functions. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order giving the Justice Department responsibility for defending the United States against claims and demands filed against the government. Mission Statement The mission of the Attorney General and the U.S. Attorneys is: ââ¬Å"To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.â⬠Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-60047785111483551752020-02-13T22:40:00.001-08:002020-02-13T22:40:03.399-08:00Animal rights the Strength and Weakness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1Animal rights the Strength and Weakness - Essay Example While some argue that humans should be distinguished from the rest of the other animals and that they are in a separate moral category, some are against this ideology. The ones that believe that animals have no moral status will support any treatment to the animals including practices that cause discomfort, pain, suffering and death. Some people treat the animals according to the way they feel is fit for them and their beliefs an action which elicited the need to develop a forum where animal rights could be guarded and this secure them from the jaws of the malicious owners. Contrary to them, many philosophers believe that though there are differences in all manners of ways between the animals and the humans, there lacks a philosophical defense for denying the animals a moral consideration. The two sides have debated on the justification of these moral rights for ages (Mack, 2012). The philosophers who came forward to develop this argument supported their argument by purporting that since animals have a distinct life just like the humans they also should be considered as living things with their rights no matter how developed they may be closer or further from the humans. The explanation of various philosophers in regard to the subject will be discussed in the following chapters. It is important to note that the explanation may not give a conclusive decision as what is offered is a mere explanation and leave the reader to decide independently. The Kantian approach towards animals, which is said to have marked progress from Descartes theory that stated that animals were mere automata, acknowledges animal pain. The theory however, still states that animals were not self-conscious and were there merely as a means to an end. Kant claimed that manââ¬â¢s duties towards the animals were but indirect duties towards humanity. This means that though man should strive to treat the animals well, it was not because he owed them any Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-64914982546268477042020-02-01T13:41:00.001-08:002020-02-01T13:41:02.595-08:00Marketing Philosophy and Strategy Research PaperMarketing Philosophy and Strategy - Research Paper Example The research conclusions assert that while, technological advancements such as the Contemporary Marketing Practice (CMP) framework, Hybrid Distribution Systems and Demand Change Remediation have significantly aided the effectiveness of marketing practices, ethical and legal issues such as concerns regarding consumer online privacy and targeting children via marketing efforts still need to be addressed. The paper also assesses the product launches of Sony BetaMax, Colgate Kitchen Entrees and Pepsi-Kona to determine the challenges in new product development in the marketing landscape of today. Marketing Philosophy and Strategy The dynamism of the marketing landscape requires a comprehensive understanding of the issues and concerns related to the development of new products and the impact of the global economy on the marketing philosophy and strategy of a business. The purpose of this research paper is to employ the findings of prior literature and scholarly articles to examine the chal lenges that are involved in the development of new products thereby, assessing the impact of technological advancements in assisting the effort of new product development. Furthermore, the paper conducts extensive research into prior literature to fulfill the objective of addressing the legal and ethical implications of marketing efforts. ... products is highly influential, such that the volatility of the worldwide business environment extends to the individual characteristics of consumers including patterns of consumption which increase the need for organizations to engage in practices that encourage the creation of products that can appeal to the specific tastes and preferences of the target market. In their article, Ogawa and Piller (2006) highlight the problem that is associated with the commercialization of new products that has led to the staggering failure of more than 50% of new product launches. Certainly, the pivotal challenge being faced by businesses in the economy of today is a failure to recognize the needs of customers (Chaturvedi & Rajan, 2000; Ogawa & Piller, 2006). Research into the failure of Pepsi-Kona, the launch of which was essentially inspired by Starbuckââ¬â¢s triumph in reviving the declining demand for coffee suggests that Pepsi did not undertake effective marketing testing and continued with the launch of the beverage even though initial results did not predict a successful product launch (D. Pitta & E.Pitta 2012). Ogawa and Piller (2006) note that developing sales forecasts and expected sales volume for new products is becoming a highly challenging task, this notion essentially asserts that the accuracy and preciseness of determining customer needs and creating sales forecasts during the extended period that is prior to the development of new products is a vital challenge. According to Jhang et al. (2012), extensive product innovation during the process of new product development and decisions regarding brand extension must be finalized once the product is aligned with the consumer product category expectations, products such Colgate Kitchen Entrees and Cosmopolitan Yogurt Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-91330748792147466792020-01-24T10:05:00.001-08:002020-01-24T10:05:02.076-08:00Essay --Unsupervised Neural networks A neural network is a system composed of many simple processing elements operating in parallel whose function is determined by network structure, connection strengths, and the processing performed at computing elements or nodes. Neural networks are commonly known as "artificial neural network" (ANN). An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing system that is evolved by the way biological nervous systems works, such as the human brain. Neural networks have broad applicability to real world business problems. In fact, they have already been successfully applied in many industries. Since neural networks are best at identifying patterns or trends in data, they are well suited for prediction or forecasting needs including: Sales forecasting Industrial process control Customer research Data validation Risk management Target marketing These neural networks are also used in the following specific paradigms: recognition of speaker s in communications; diagnosis of hepatitis; recovery of telecommunications from faulty software; inte... Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-81695068148086837632020-01-16T06:29:00.001-08:002020-01-16T06:29:03.845-08:00Biggest Challenges Young Adults Face Today EssayWe often think young adults are ready to launch easily take off into career, college and lively adult social scenes. Many young adults find they are over-loaded and over whelmed with great difficulty in making this change. They may feel confused and even have a sense of deep loneliness. Relationships, school and finding employment are the latest challenges young adults face with today. Weââ¬â¢re all, like, based on relationships and if all the relationships you build up for yourself arenââ¬â¢t what you want them to be then it has an effect on you, because it affects who you are. If you canââ¬â¢t get those connections to other people, than you are automatically lost in a hole. Something drastic that changes in your life would cause depression, like maybe your parents getting a divorce, a death in the family, or your boyfriend/ girlfriend breaking up with you. For young people, education and training are crucial to becoming valued, contributing adults in society. Young adults often experience additional difficulties with other aspects of their community adjustment. Student attitude plays a critical role in academic success. Getting good grades, studying for a test, turning in homework on time is a challenge for students. Studentââ¬â¢s beliefs about their ability to learn are shaped by messages and experiences at home, school and in the large society. Large class sizes, high poverty rates, low family literacy weak school-family relationships, high student mobility many schools face these challenges. The most difficult things regarding transitioning to employment are developing realistic self- confidence at work and developing practical skills in the workplace. It is very important to promote yourself as a qualified individual who would add great value to the company. Your personal life will play a part in your ability to effectively complete your job. Itââ¬â¢s important to watch your emotional and physical level. Transportation is another challenge for some young adults. Public transportation might not be an option in some areas. Some young adults donââ¬â¢t have their license due to their age or they have lost them. Young adultââ¬â¢s life is challenging in many ways. Stress and depression can cause grades to drop in school. Relationships can tent to be unhealthy and cause adults to get fired from their job. During school, try to get experience to put on your resume such as internships and volunteer opportunities. Having a positive mind can be a good thing. Focusing on the right things in life will end in a positive note. When you have someone to give you good advice on schoolwork, bad or good relationships and help find a good job to build a future. Life will always have challenges stay focus and be on track think before you change your life around. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-85701144248745089282020-01-08T02:52:00.001-08:002020-01-08T02:52:03.053-08:00Charlemagne the King of the Franks and Lombards Charlemagne was also known as: Charles I, Charles the Great (in French, Charlemagne; in German, Karl der Grosse; in Latin, Carolus Magnus) Charlemagnes titles included: King of the Franks, King of the Lombards; also generally considered the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne was noted for: Consolidating a large portion of Europe under his rule, promoting learning, and instituting innovative administrative concepts. Occupations: Military LeaderKing Emperor Places of Residence and Influence: EuropeFrance Important Dates: Born: April 2, c. 742Crowned Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Died: Jan. 28, 814 Quote Attributed to Charlemagne: To have another language is to possess a second soul. About Charlemagne: Charlemagne was the grandson of Charles Martel and the son of Pippin III. When Pippin died, the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman. King Charlemagne proved himself a capable leader from early on, but his brother was less so, and there was some friction between them until Carlomans death in 771. Once King, Charlemagne had sole rule of the government of Francia, he expanded his territory through conquest. He conquered the Lombards in northern Italy, acquired Bavaria, and campaigned in Spain and Hungary. Charlemagne used harsh measures in subduing the Saxons and virtually exterminating the Avars. Though he had essentially amassed an empire, he did not style himself emperor, but called himself the King of the Franks and Lombards. King Charlemagne was an able administrator, and he delegated authority over his conquered provinces to Frankish nobles. At the same time, he recognized the diverse ethnic groups he had brought together under his dominion, and allowed each to retain its own local laws. To ensure justice, Charlemagne had these laws set down in writing and strictly enforced. He also issued capitularies that applied to all citizens. Charlemagne kept an eye on events in his empire through the use of missi dominici, representatives who acted with his authority. Though never able to master reading and writing himself, Charlemagne was an enthusiastic patron of learning. He attracted noted scholars to his court, including Alcuin, who became his private tutor, and Einhard, who would be his biographer. Charlemagne reformed the palace school and set up monastic schools throughout the empire. The monasteries he sponsored preserved and copied ancient books. The flowering of learning under Charlemagnes patronage has come to be known as the Carolingian Renaissance. In 800, Charlemagne came to the aid of Pope Leo III, who had been attacked in the streets of Rome. He went to Rome to restore order and, after Leo purged himself of the charges against him, he was unexpectedly crowned emperor. Charlemagne wasnt pleased with this development, because it established the precedent of papal ascendancy over secular leadership, but though he still often referred to himself as a king he now also styled himself Emperor, as well. There is some disagreement as to whether or not Charlemagne was really the first Holy Roman Emperor. Although he did not use any title that directly translates as such, he did use the title imperator Romanum (emperor of Rome) and in some correspondence styled himself deo coronatus (Crowned by God), as per his coronation by the pope. This appears to be enough for most scholars to allow Charlemagnes hold on the title to stand, especially since Otto I, whose reign is generally considered to be the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, never used the title either. The territory Charlemagne governed is not considered the Holy Roman Empire but is instead named the Carolingian Empire after him. It would later form the basis of the territory scholars would call the Holy Roman Empire, although that term (in Latin, sacrum Romanum imperium) was also seldom in use during the Middle Ages, and never used at all until the mid-thirteenth century. All pedantry aside, Charlemagnes achievements stand among the most significant of the early Middle Ages, and although the empire he built would not long outlast his son Louis I, his consolidation of lands marked a watershed in the development of Europe. Charlemagne died in January, 814. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-31986003304694680712019-12-30T23:18:00.001-08:002019-12-30T23:18:03.393-08:001.12 The Crucible Quotes - 774 Words My Initial Impression of the Act: When Mrs. Putnam is introduced for the first time, she is described as ââ¬Å"a twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreamsâ⬠, which is not precisely what you would call an emboldening description. Through her aperture lines, we can facilely optically discern that Mrs. Putnam is a very manipulative and assertive woman, who believes in witchcraft, as she instantly believes that Bettyââ¬â¢s quandary has been caused by witchcraft. As far as Mr. Putnam is concerned, albeit his introductive description states ââ¬Å"a well-to-do, hard-handed landowner, near fiftyâ⬠, it does not tell us much about him. However, his description in page 22, he is called ââ¬Å"vindictiveâ⬠, instantly revealing more about hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦And heââ¬â¢s the one that chooses whether you go to heaven or to hell. So do not falsy accuse anyone of something they didnââ¬â¢t do, and do not be a falso witness to a false case, because in the end it will hu rt you into to going to heaven or to hell. Danforth is pretty much threatening and scaring the people with Gods will, that no one else has, besides God ââ¬Å"I think not, or you should surely know that Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abelâ⬠. Parris says this to Proctor. This quote means that even good people can commit crimes. Proctor was questioned about his reading on the Gospel. Parris states that if Proctor does read the Gospel it doesnââ¬â¢t stop him from worshipping the devil. Therefore, this shows that you canââ¬â¢t trust anyone during this time. Act Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-2839658627078725782019-12-22T19:04:00.001-08:002019-12-22T19:04:02.533-08:00An Analysis of the Play Medea by Euripides - 1410 Words The notion of the ideal man presented in the play Medea, by Euripides, is an exceptionally important one in the context of 5th Century Athens, a culture based very much upon the importance of the man both in his household and the general society. In Greece during the time of the play, the ideal man showed strong attributes of physical skill and aesthetics, intelligence and wisdom, and courage and bravery, especially in the face of adversity. This representation is shown in many ways throughout the play, and in some aspects, it is greatly challenged, causing the audience to question his or her own morals and societal views. Although these representations are still important to todayââ¬â¢s society, the effect they would have had on the Athenianâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Medea essentially fools Aigeus into swearing an oath to her, telling him only her side of the story of the situation between her and Jason, saying that he ââ¬ËBetrayed the wife and sons he used to love.ââ¬â ¢ Aigeus know that what he is doing is wrong, shown when he states ââ¬ËFind your own way to Athens. These people are allies. I wonââ¬â¢t offend them.ââ¬â¢ Aigeusââ¬â¢ motivations behind doing this are purely for his self benefit, not adhering to the honourable way at all, as Medea promised him sons if he aided in her escape. Euripides uses the tone of conversation to undercut Aigeusââ¬â¢s authority, showing him siding with Medea after only the most pitiful of explanations, as he states, ââ¬Å"With Jasons full consent? I find that disgracefulâ⬠, expressing his feelings for Medeaââ¬â¢s punishments. Euripides uses these strong words, such as disgraceful, to emphasize the change in the manââ¬â¢s manner so intensely. An Athenian society would see this as a betrayal of his peopleââ¬â¢s honour, and especially as he is an Athenian king, the audience would be even further shocked at Euripidesââ¬â¢ open challenge to the credibility of Athens. Aspects of bravery and courage are shown strongly in this play, both in a positive and a negative light. The audience would view Jason as an obvious hero, defeating countless enemies in his quest to retrieve the Golden Fleece, and returning to CorinthShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Euripides The Play Medea 1202 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Greek playwright Euripides, who lived from 480 BC to 406 BC, had four victories as a Tragedian. A third of the ââ¬Å"Big Threeâ⬠of tragedians, Euripides was, in his time, less successful than both Aeschylus and Sophocles, who had 13 and 20 victories. Euripidesââ¬â¢ writing was drastically different from that of the others. While playwrights like Sophocles wrote characters the way they should be ideally, Euripides wrote his characters truthfully and portrayed people as compassionate and cruel and complicatedRead More Representation of Society in Euripides Medea Essay522 Words à |à 3 PagesRepresentation of Society in Euripides Medea During the time of Euripides, approximately the second half of the fifth century B.C., it was a period of immense cultural crisis and political convulsion (Arrowsmith 350). Euripides, like many other of his contemporaries, used the whole machinery of the theater as a way of thinking about their world (Arrowsmith 349). His interest in particular was the analysis of culture and relationship between culture and the individual. Euripides used his characters asRead MoreMedea Plot Analysis1392 Words à |à 6 PagesMedea is an ancient Greek tragedy play written by Euripides. The play bases itself on the ancient myth of Jason and Medea. The plays plot centers itself on the actions of Medea who was the Barbarians former prince who seeks revenge against Jason who betrayed her with another woman. Considered as one the best work produced by Euripides, the play has earned the writer several awards including the Dionysian festival awards in 431BCE (Williamson 1) Therefore, the purpose of this pap er is to discussRead MoreMedeo is a Play Based on the Myth of Jason and Medea Written by Euripides1248 Words à |à 5 PagesMedea is a play based on the myth of Jason and Medea written by Euripides. The play involves the love between two mythical characters: Jason and Medea. The play reaches its climax when Medea is betrayed by Jason when he choses another woman for her youthful beauty. Euripides is able to involve the audience by using dramatic scenery on how Medea choses to respond to this theatrical situation according to the patriarchal culture she lives in. Furthermore, the analysis focuses upon the system of masculinityRead MoreSatire in the Tragedies of Euripides1443 Words à |à 6 PagesThe world of Euripides tragedies was one that espoused ancient ideas of religion. The belief in ancient legends that formed subject material for the tragic drama had passed. The crowd that attended the theater at this time did so as a sort of religious celebration. It was under these circumstances that Euripides had to bury what might have been his true beliefs, and instead replace them with ideas that would relate to his audience. This did not mean that Euripides had to forgo his beliefs entirelyRead More Contrasting Gender Differences in in Medea versus Wide Sargasso Sea1722 Words à |à 7 PagesGender Differences in in Medea versus Wide Sargasso Sea Stereotypical attributes traditionally associated with women, such as having a propensity to madness, or being irrational, frivolous, dependent, decorative, subordinate, scheming, manipulative, weak, jealous, gossiping, vulnerable and deceitful were common in the times relevant to both works, i.e. Ancient Greece and in the 19th and early 20th Century. Masculine attributes in Euripides time were more along the lines of being valiant, heroicRead MorePsychoanalysis of Medea2843 Words à |à 12 PagesTitle: Libido: Medeaââ¬â¢s Real Force ABSTRACT In this study, Medea by ââ¬Å"Euripidesâ⬠is approached from a psychoanalytic perspective. It focuses on the theory of Freud that Libido plays an important role in the character building of an individual and that actions of individuals are motivated and controlled by it. The motivation of Medeaââ¬â¢s actions does not come from the outside circumstances but arise from her libido. All her actions are analyzed to bring a somewhat clear picture of her psychology. SheRead MoreTheme Of Revenge In Medea901 Words à |à 4 PagesShannel Frith Dr. Warren Kelly LIT 2040-010 October 23, 2017 Analysis Paper 2 The Price One Must Pay According to Samuel Johnson, ââ¬Å"Revenge is an act of passion; vengeance of justice. Injuries are revenged; crimes are avenged.â⬠Medea is an ancient Greek tragedy written by Euripides. It was first produced in 431 BC and it is based on the myth of Jason and Medea. The themes prevalent throughout the play is revenge and loss of innocence. It symbolizes how the act of revenge can cause you to betray yourRead More Euripedes Medea versus Aristotlean Poetics Essay1570 Words à |à 7 Pageswriting of tragic works, while he influenced the structure of theatre, with his analysis of human nature. Euripides Medea, a Greek tragedy written with partial adherence to the Aristotelian rules, explores the continuation of the ancient Greek tales surrounding the mythology of Medea, Princess of Colchis, and granddaughter of Helios, the sun god, with heartlessness to rival the infamous Circe. While the structure of this play undoubtedly perpetuates many of the Aristotelian rules, there are so me dramaticRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Euripides Medea1593 Words à |à 7 PagesEuripidesââ¬â¢ Medea is considered, according to Aristotleââ¬â¢s Poetics, a tragedy. The play centers on Medea, an outsider and wife to Jason, who seeks to punish Jason for taking another wife. The play is considered a tragedy because it contains the three unities as well as the six elements of drama mentioned by Aristotle. Despite the fact that the does the play fits the criteria of what Aristotle considers tragedy, however, Medea is actually not a tragedy but tells the story about a successful revenge Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-5602441914691469492019-12-14T15:34:00.001-08:002019-12-14T15:34:05.745-08:00Ib Math Ia Free Essays string(23) " the Type II Criteria\." MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 MATHEMATICS Standard Level The portfolio ââ¬â tasks For use in 2012 and 2013 à © International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 7 pages For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 2 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C O N T E N TS T y p e I t as k s Circles T y p e I I t as k s Fish Production Gold Medal Heights INTRODUC TI ON W h a t is t h e p u r p ose of t h is d oc u m e n t ? This document contains new tasks for the portfolio in mathematics SL. These tasks have been produced by the IB, for teachers to use in the examination sessions in 2012 and 2013. It should be noted that most tasks previously produced and published by the IB will no longer be valid for assessment after the November 2010 examination session. We will write a custom essay sample on Ib Math Ia or any similar topic only for you Order Now These include all the tasks in any teacher support material (TSM), and the tasks in the document tfolio tasks 2009 The tasks in the in the 2012 examinations but N O T in 2013. Copies of all TSM tasks published by the IB are available on the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC), under Internal Assessme not be used, even in slightly modified form. W h a t h a p p e n s i f t e a c h e r s u s e t h e s e o l d t a s k s? The inclusion of these old tasks in the portfolio will make the portfolio non -compliant, and such portfolios will therefore attract a 10-mark penalty. Teachers may continue to use the old tasks as practice tasks, but they should not be included in the portfolio for final assessment. W h a t o t h e r d oc u m e n t s s h o u l d I u se? All teachers should have copies of the mathematics SL subject guide (second edition, September 2006), including the teaching notes appendix, and the TSM (September 2005). Further information, ncluding additional notes on applying the criteria, is available on the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC). Important news items are also available on the OCC, as are the diploma programme coordinator notes, which contain updated information on a variety of issues. W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2012? The only tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for assessment in 2012 are the ones contained in this document, and those in the document Portfolio tasks 2011 2012 . There is no requirement to use tasks produced by the IB, and there is no date restriction on tasks written by teachers. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 3 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C a n I u se t h ese t as k s b e f o r e M a y 2012? These tasks should only be submitted for final assessment from May 2012 to November 2013. Students should not include them in portfolios before May 2012. If they are included, they will be subject to a 10-mark penalty. Please note that these dates refer to examination sessions, not when the work is completed. W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2013? The only tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for assessment in 2013 are the ones contained in this document. T e c h n ology There is a wide range of technological tools available to support mathematical work. These include graphic display calculators, Excel spreadsheets, Geogebra, Autograph, Geometer sketch pad and Wolframalpha. Many are free downloads from the Internet. Students (and teachers) should be encouraged to explore which ones best support the tasks that are assigned. Teachers are reminded that good technology use should enhance the development of the task. E x t r a c ts f r o m d i p lom a p r og r a m coo r d i n a to r n ot es Important information is included in the DPCN, available on the OCC. Teachers should ensure they are familiar with these, and in particular with the ones noted below. Please note that the reference to the 2009/2010 document is outdated. C op i es of t as k s a n d m a r k i n g/sol u t ion k e ys Teachers are advised to write their own tasks to fit in with their own teaching plans, to select from the 2009/2010 document, or to use tasks written by other teachers. In each case, teachers should work the task themselves to make sure it is suitable, and provide a copy of the task, and an answer, solution or marking key for any task submitted. This will help the moderators confirm the levels awarded by the teacher. It is particularly important if teachers modify an IB published task to include a copy of the modified task. While this is permitted, teachers should think carefully about making any changes, as the tasks have been written with all the criteria in mind, to allow students to achieve the higher levels. N on -co m p l i a n t po r t f ol ios f r om M a y 2012 Please note the following information on how to deal with portfolios that do not contain one task of each type. This will be applied in the May 2012 and subsequent examination sessions. If two pieces of work are submitted, but they do not represent a Type I and a Type II task (for example, they are both Type I or both Type II tasks), mark both tasks, one against each Type. For example, if a candidate has submitted two Type I tasks, mark one using the Type I c riteria, and the other using the Type II Criteria. You read "Ib Math Ia" in category "Essay examples" Do not apply any further penalty This means that the current system of marking both tasks against the same criteria and then applying a penalty of 10 marks will no longer be used. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 4 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 SL T YPE I A im : In this t ask you wi l l conside r a se t of numbe rs tha t a r e pr esent ed in a symme t r i c a l pa t t e rn. Consider the five rows of numbers shown below. Describe how to find the numerator of the sixth row. Using technology, plot the relation between the row number, n, and the numerator in each row. Describe what you notice from your plot and write a general statement to represent this. Find the sixth and seventh rows. Describe any patterns you used. Let E n ( r ) be the ( r 1) th element in the nth row, starting with r 15 Example: E5 (2) . 9 0. Find the general statement for E n ( r ) . Test the validity of the general statement by finding additional rows. Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at your general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 5 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C IR C L ES SL T YPE I A im : The a im of this t ask is to invest i ga t e posi t ions of points in i nt e rse c t ing c i r c l es. The following diagram shows a circle C 1 with centre O and radius r, and any point P. r P O C1 The circle C 2 has centre P and radius OP. Let A be one of the points of intersection of C 1 and C 2 . Circle C 3 has centre A, and radius r. The point P is the intersection of C 3 with (OP). This is shown in the diagram below. C3 A O Pââ¬â¢ P C2 C1 Let r 1 . Use an analytic approach to find OP , when OP 2 , OP 3 and OP 4 . Describe what you notice and write a general statement to represent this. Let OP 2 . Find OP , when r 2 , r 3 and r 4 . Describe what you notice and write a general statement to represent this. Comment whether or not this statement is consistent with your earlier statement. Use technology to investigate other values of r and OP. Find the general statement for OP . Test the validity of your general statement by using different values of OP and r. Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at the general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 6 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 F IS H PR O D U C T I O N SL T YPE II A im: This t ask conside rs comme r c i a l f ishing in a pa r t i cul a r count ry in two di ff e r ent envi ronments the se a and f ish f a rms (aqua cul tur e). The da t a is t a k en f rom the U N St a t ist i cs D ivisi on C ommon D a t a b a se . The following table gives the total mass of fish caught in the sea, in thousands of tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kilograms). Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1980 426. 8 1981 470. 2 1982 503. 4 1983 557. 3 1984 564. 7 1985 575. 4 1986 579. 8 1987 624. 7 1988 669. 9 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 450. 5 1990 379. 0 1991 356. 9 1992 447. 5 1993 548. 8 1994 589. 8 1995 634. 0 1996 527. 8 1997 459. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 487. 2 1999 573. 8 2000 503. 3 2001 527. 7 2002 566. 7 2003 507. 8 2004 550. 5 2005 426. 5 2006 533. 0 Define suitable variables and discuss any parameters/constraints. Using technology, plot the data points from the table on a graph. Comment on any apparent trends in your graph and suggest suitable models. Analytically develop a model that fits the data points. (You may find it useful to consider a combination of functions. ) On a new set of axes, draw your model function and the original data points. Comment on any differences. Revise your model if necessary. The table below gives the total mass of fish, in thousands of tonnes, from fish farms. Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1980 1. 4 1981 1. 5 1982 1. 7 1983 2. 0 1984 2. 2 1985 2. 7 1986 3. 1 1987 3. 3 1988 4. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 4. 4 1990 5. 8 1991 7. 8 1992 9. 1 1993 12. 4 1994 16. 0 1995 21. 6 1996 33. 2 1997 5. 5 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 56. 7 1999 63. 0 2000 79. 0 2001 67. 2 2002 61. 2 2003 79. 9 2004 94. 7 2005 119. 8 2006 129. 0 Plot the data points from this table on a graph, and discuss whether your analytical model for the original data fits the new data. Use technology to find a suitable model for the new data. On a new set of axes, draw both models. Discuss how trends in the first model could be explained by trends in t he second model. By considering both models, discuss possible future trends in both types of fishing. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 7 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 G O L D M E D A L H E I G H TS SL T YPE II A i m : T he a i m of th i s t a sk i s to O lympi c G ames. high jump in the The table below gives the height (in centimeters) achieved by the gold medalists at various Olympic Games. 1932 Y ea r H e igh t (c m) 197 1936 203 1948 198 1952 204 1956 212 1960 216 1964 218 1968 224 1972 223 1976 225 1980 236 Note: The Olympic Games were not held in 1940 and 1944. Using technology, plot the data points on a graph. Define all variables used and state any parameters clearly. Discuss any possible constraints of the task. What type of function models the behaviour of the graph? Explain why you chose this function. Analytically create an equation to model the data in the above table. On a new set of axes, draw your model function and the original graph. Comment on any differences. Discuss the limitations of your model. Refine your model if necessary. Use technology to find another function that models the data. On a new set of axes, draw both your model functions. Comment on any differences. Had the Games been held in 1940 and 1944, estimate what the winning heights would have been and justify your answers. Use your model to predict the winning height in 1984 and in 2016. Comment on your answers. The following table gives the winning heights for all the other Olympic Games since 1896. 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1928 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Y ea r H eigh t (c m) 190 180 191 193 193 194 235 238 234 239 235 236 236 How well does your model fit the additional data? Discuss the overall trend from 1896 to 2008, with specific references to significant fluctuations. What modifications, if any, need to be made to your model to fit the new data? For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 How to cite Ib Math Ia, Essay examples Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-37858764108293728282019-12-06T11:58:00.001-08:002019-12-06T11:58:05.108-08:00Assistive Technology for the Deaf free essay sample This paper introduces assistive technology devices for persons with hearing disorders. This paper emphasizes that developments in assistive technology are expanding the communication options for the hearing disabled thus enabling them to work more independently and to increase their growth potential. The author presents fully various Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs), any type of device that helps the user function more efficiently and effectively in daily communication. The Assistive Listening Devices or ALDs are referred to any type of device that helps the user in functioning efficiently and effectively in daily communication circumstances. The people with hearing disabilities can use ALDs to overcome their inability to hear clearly. Thus assistive listening devices offer greater ease in hearing, to the person using, it and hence reduces stress and exhaustion. The use of these devices increases the hearing ability of the user as they increase intensity of sound by bringing sound directly into the ear. We will write a custom essay sample on Assistive Technology for the Deaf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the major functions of ALDs is that it reduces the background noise, which causes difficulty in hearing; it reduces the negative effects of distance between the source of sound and the hard of hearing people using the device and finally it revokes poor acoustics. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-53839793384754004202019-11-29T02:40:00.001-08:002019-11-29T02:40:06.634-08:00A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex Essay ExampleA Horror Show at the Cinemaplex Essay Assignment: Based on the instance The Movie Exhibition Industry 2013 in the McGraw Hill article, answer the undermentioned inquiries utilizing constructs and models we have discussed in category. Answers should be completed in a short five page write-up utilizing the templets provided below. Short replies / slugs are acceptable ; nevertheless, you must include some degree of item / information sing the tendencies and analysis you are including independent of the slug points. The difficult transcript write-up is due by the start of category on February 25th. We will be holding a treatment based on this assignment in category. It would be helpful if each group member had a transcript of the finished assignment in forepart of him/her. Please supply a screen page that includes the Assignment name, Mgmt 478 , Section figure ( 006, 007, 008, 300 ) and the group membersââ¬â¢ names. The cover sheet is the lone page that includes this information. Besides each page must hold a page figure. All pages must hold a basic. Failure to follow any of these arranging issues will incur a class punishment. All words must be spelled right and all sentences must hold right grammar. 1a ) Perform a general environment analysis. What are the relevant tendencies in the environment that are impacting the film industry by the 5 sections listed below? Demographic We will write a custom essay sample on A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Socio-cultural Economic Technological Political / Legal 1b ) What are the biggest chances and menaces in the industry? ( Pick no more than 2 of each and lucubrate in 3-4 sentences ) 2 ) Based on an analysis you complete, is the film exhibition industry an attractive and profitable industry in which to take part? ( After finishing the templet, include a short 2-3 sentence appraisal of overall attraction ) . Ensure that you are specific with your analyses of menaces ( e.g. high capital demands is non plenty, for what would capital demands be high? ) Industry Definition: Movie exhibitioners Force Who / What are they? Analysis of Threat ( Use ( + ) to bespeak adds to the menace, ( ) indicates decreases menace ââ¬â e.g. high capital demands would be a ( ââ¬â ) for possible new entrants ) Degree of Threat ( High / Medium / Low ) Potential Entrants Substitutes Dickering Power of Suppliers Dickering Power of Buyers Internal Rivalry Overall Profitability of the Incumbents Overall Attractiveness to Entrants ( Barriers to Entry ) Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-11348840407617688662019-11-25T10:15:00.001-08:002019-11-25T10:15:02.661-08:00Wind and Solar EnergyWind and Solar Energy Introduction There is an urgent need for dependable, efficient and low-cost energy to alleviate problems of energy insecurity as well as environmental pollution. For example, Jacobson and Masters (2001) proposed that the U.S. could meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations for decreasing carbon dioxide discharges by substituting 60% of its coal production plants with wind energy turbines to supplement the countryââ¬â¢s energy requirements (p.1438).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wind and Solar Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fthenakis, Mason and Zweibel (2009) also examined the economical, geographical and technical viability of solar power to supplement the energy requirements of the U.S. and concluded that it was possible to substitute the current fossil fuel energy infrastructure with solar energy in order to decrease carbon emissions to internationally accepted levels (p.397). There is no doubt tha t efforts to adopt renewable, effective and low-cost energy options have attracted global attention. Consequently, this paper will compare two forms renewable energy (wind and solar energy) in terms of cost, efficiency, energy produced, resources needed, environmental impact and maintenance. Wind Turbine Energy Technology Wind turbines usually convert wind energy into electricity. Generally, a gearbox rotates the turbine rotor into fast-rotating gears that eventually transform mechanical energy into electricity in a generator. Although a number of current turbines are gearless and less proficient, they are nonetheless useful when installed in buildings or residential homes (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1157). Solar Energy Technology Solar photo-voltaics (PVs) refers to groups of cells with silicon materials that transform solar radiation into electricity. As of now, solar PVs are utilized in several different applications, ranging from residential home power generation to medium-scal e use. On the other hand, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems utilize reflective lenses or mirrors to focus sunbeams on a liquid to warm it to a high temperature. The heated liquid runs from the collector to a heat engine in which a part of the heat is transformed into electricity. There are various forms of CSP systems that permit the heat to be stocked up for several hours to facilitate production of electricity at night (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1157). Cost, Efficiency and Energy Produced via Wind and Solar Technology Figure 1(see appendix) provides the projected amount of power available globally from renewable energy with respect to raw resources available in high-energy regions. It is worth mentioning that these resources can plausibly be mined in the near future given the location as well as the low extraction costs involved.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Figure 1 demonstrates that only wind and solar energy can provide adequate power to meet global energy demands. For example, wind in developable regions can satisfy global energy demands up to about 4 times over while areas with solar energy potential can meet global demands by over 18 times over (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1159). Figure 2 illustrates a model of wind resources at 100m in the hub height range of wind turbines. The global wind energy potential (available over the worldââ¬â¢s ocean surface and land at 100m assuming that all wind at speeds is utilized to power wind turbines) has been estimated at 1700 TW. About half of this wind energy (1700 TW) is found in areas that can be extracted feasibly and efficiently (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1159). Resources Required for Wind and Solar Systems Jacobson and Delucchi (2011) estimate that both solar and wind make up 90% of the future energy supply on the basis of their relative availability (p.1160). Solar PV i s split into 70% power-plant and 30% rooftop on the basis of an assessment of the expected available rooftop area. Rooftop PV has three main benefits: it does not need new land surface; it can be incorporated into a hybrid solar infrastructure that generate electricity, light and heat for onsite use; and it neither requires an electricity transmission nor distribution infrastructure. The authors suggests that approximately 90,000 solar power plants and about 4 million wind turbines are required to satisfy global energy demands (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1160). The material required for wind turbine energy include: carbon-filament reinforced plastic (for rotor blades); glass-fiber reinforced plastic (for rotor blades); wood epoxy (rotor blades); aluminum (for nacelles); magnetic materials (for gearboxes); pre-stressed concrete (for towers); and steel materials (for rotors, nacelles, towers, etc). It is worth mentioning that most of these resources are available in abundance supply. For instance, the main components of concrete (i.e. limestone, sand, and gravel) are extensively available at lower costs and can be re-used (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1161). On the other hand, the required resources for solar PVs include: copper indium sulfide/selenide; cadmium telluride; micro-crystalline silicon; polycrystalline silicon; and amorphous silicon. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the power generated via silicon PV technologies is constrained by the limited availability of silver materials which are utilized as electrodes (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011, p.1162). Nevertheless, given that most of resources required for the installation of renewable energy plants are in abundance supply, both wind and solar energy technologies provide low-cost, environmental-friendly and efficient energy options to meet global demand.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wind and Solar Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lea rn More References Fthenakis, V., Mason, J., Zweibel, K. (2009). The technical, geographical, and economic feasibility of solar energy to supply the energy needs of the US. Energy Policy, 37, 387ââ¬â399. Jacobson, M., Delucchi, M. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructures, and materials. Energy Policy, 39, 1154-1169. Jacobson, M., Masters, G. (2001). Exploiting wind versus coal. Science, 293, 1438. Appendix Figure 1: Power available in energy resource worldwide if the energy is used in conversion devises, in locations where the energy resource is high, in likely-developable locations, and in delivered electricity (for wind and solar energy) Energy Technology Power worldwide (TW) Power in high-energy locations (TW) Power in likely developable Locations (TW) Current power produced as electricity (TW) Wind 1700a 72-170b 40-85c 0.02 Solar PV 6500d 1300e 340 0.001 3 CSP 4600 920 240 0.00046 Source: Jacobson Delucchi (2011). a Comprises of all wind speeds at 100m over ocean and land b Locations over land or near the coast where the mean wind speed âⰠ¥7m/s at 80m and at 100m.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More c Eliminating remote locations d Assuming 160 W panels are used over latitudes, land, and ocean. e Same as (d) but locations over land between 50S and 50N. Figure 2 Source: Jacobson Delucchi (2011). Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-23578168889336816962019-11-21T17:39:00.001-08:002019-11-21T17:39:02.809-08:00Prepare a report for a company of your choice for the next one and AssignmentPrepare a report for a company of your choice for the next one and three years . The plan should include the following sections - Assignment Example The Mercedes Benz is too expensive to buy in the current economic conditions. The technological outlook of the industry is challenging while, the buyer power is also higher. Additionally, suppliers are executing their substantial level on companies and the barriers of entry and exit are also believed to be substantially powerful. The modifying economic conditions of the world are warranting the companies to balance out differentiation and cost effectiveness so that Mercedes can be sold in emergent markets of the world. A Business Plan for Mercedes Benz: A Changing Paradigm Introduction The Mercedes is considered one of the most expensive brands in the modern array of cars and vehicles. The company is historically targeting elite class of the world in order to generate sales for the past number of decades. However, the economic recession and depression in advanced parts of the world has seriously influenced the business of the featured company. The focal shift in the direction of emer ging market also caused the sales of the product to drop significantly. The developing regions of the globe do not have sufficient buying power needed to purchase luxurious rides in which the company specializes. However, a strategic modification is required in order to cater changing consumer preferences and behaviors in the global arena of the commerce (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman, & Hensen, 2009). The company needs to develop a strategy to disseminate the benefit of long term belief that Mercedes is a brand that is reserved for an elite class of the world. Nevertheless, the per capita income in all over the globe is declining and the sense of harmony and equality is going to prevail in a few years from now. The idea of economic supremacy is going to be word of past in the future. The product with the brand name of Mercedes has finally lost its appeal because nowadays nobody is fortunate enough to afford it to say the least. The subunits of the companies that were hugely lucrat ive in the past were recently closed down as a response of insufficient demand (Baker & Hart, 2007). The latest closure took place in the English economy because the demand was not enough to house a local production unit. The changing economic paradigm has forced the people of all nations to become price sensitive as the level of disposable income is declining in all regions (Lindstrom, 2008). Vision and Mission Statement of the Company ââ¬Å"A pioneering spirit and power of innovation for sustainable mobility. For almost 125 years we have been developing answers to the automotive challenges of the respective eras. As the inventors of the automobile, we are equally committed to protection of the climate and the environment and to the safety of our vehicles and accident prevention. Our customers - and all other road users - throughout the world can put their trust in this commitmentâ⬠(Hashmi & Biesebroeck, 2013). The vision statement of the company is always considered as an a ttempt to talk to the future and give a direction to the company. The vision statement in every case must define the core values of the company for that it stands. Secondly, it is of great importance to keep on modifying the statement according to the changing environment of the industry. The featured Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-50706961021894994972019-11-20T15:58:00.001-08:002019-11-20T15:58:03.333-08:00Tell us about a time when you failed. How did you react What, if Personal StatementTell us about a time when you failed. How did you react What, if anything, did you learn - Personal Statement Example I was absent for a week in October. This put me behind in all of my studies. I found that all my grades had slipped to low Cs. My Algebra II class was also a struggle. My teacher was from Africa. This was his first math class in the United States. His teaching style did not reach me or many of my fellow students. I was determined to get back on track. My determination raised my grades to Bs, except in Algebra II, by December. At the end of the year I received two Bs and As in the rest of my classes. The lesson I learned was to not exceed my limitations. My other classmates might be able to double up, but I needed to focus on quality not quantity. I also learned life does not always go as planned. If I had not contracted the Swine Flu or had a math teacher from Africa, I might have made straight As. However, I did have the Swine Flu and a teacher from Africa. It is important to not over extend myself. I do not regret my sophomore year. That year I pushed myself beyond my limitations. Although I see it as a failure due to my grades, the lesson learned was well worth the experience. I now focus on the quality of my work instead of over extending Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-22847796519749180882019-11-18T14:17:00.001-08:002019-11-18T14:17:04.140-08:00In the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsIn the News - Essay Example The article argues that this trend will continue to grow in future as interest of the people in the internet is expected to increase in coming years. Ad tracking companies attempt to increase the experience of the viewers and this is the main reason why they are expected to do good in future. The article also forecasts that in future customers will be targeted with more relevant and quality advertisements. The material discussed in the article is both important and relevant to course content. Internet advertisement has become an important area of advertisement. Gone are the days when managers had to worry about print and television media only. Digital media and social media is an all new territory for managers and today they have to focus more on such media in order to achieve their sales target. This is why the article is completely related to the course content and in also important for future managers. The article has great managerial implications for future marketers. The growth of internet marketing tells managers what audiences are interested in. Managers should focus more on the digital media than any other media in order to attract audiences because this is where the future Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-51932164108656337262019-11-16T02:50:00.001-08:002019-11-16T02:50:09.380-08:00Three Major Issues Faced By Companies Going Overseas Marketing EssayThree Major Issues Faced By Companies Going Overseas Marketing Essay The chapter begins by looking at the concept of market entry strategies within the control of a chosen marketing mix. It then goes on to describe the different forms of entry strategy, both direct and indirect exporting and foreign production, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method. The chapter gives specific details on countertrade, which is very prevalent in global marketing, and then concludes by looking at the special features of commodity trading with its close coupling between production and marketing. Basic issues An organisation wishing to go international faces three major issues: i) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter with intermediaries or directly, with what information? ii) Sourcing whether to obtain products, make or buy? iii) Investment and control joint venture, global partner, acquisition? Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain (see figure 7.1). The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. Table 7.1 Examples of elements included in the export marketing mix 1. Product support Product sourcing Match existing products to markets air, sea, rail, road, freight New products Product management Product testing Manufacturing specifications Labelling Packaging Production control Market information 2. Price support Establishment of prices Discounts Distribution and maintenance of pricelists Competitive information Training of agents/customers 3. Promotion/selling support Advertising Promotion literature Direct mail Exhibitions, trade shows Printing Selling (direct) Sales force Agents commissions Sale or returns 4. Inventory support Inventory management Warehousing Distribution Parts supply Credit authorisation 5. Distribution support Funds provision Raising of capital Order processing Export preparation and documentation Freight forwarding Insurance Arbitration 6. Service support Market information/intelligence Quotes processing Technical aid assistance After sales Guarantees Warranties/claims Merchandising Sales reports, catalogues literature Customer care Budgets Data processing systems Insurance Tax services Legal services Translation 7. Financial support Billing, collecting invoices Hire, rentals Planning, scheduling budget data Auditing Details on the sourcing element have already been covered in the chapter on competitive analysis and strategy. Concerning investment and control, the question really is how far the company wishes to control its own fate. The degree of risk involved, attitudes and the ability to achieve objectives in the target markets are important facets in the decision on whether to license, joint venture or get involved in direct investment. Cunningham1 (1986) identified five strategies used by firms for entry into new foreign markets: i) Technical innovation strategy perceived and demonstrable superior products ii) Product adaptation strategy modifications to existing products iii) Availability and security strategy overcome transport risks by countering perceived risks iv) Low price strategy penetration price and, v) Total adaptation and conformity strategy foreign producer gives a straight copy. In marketing products from less developed countries to developed countries point iii) poses major problems. Buyers in the interested foreign country are usually very careful as they perceive transport, currency, quality and quantity problems. This is true, say, in the export of cotton and other commodities. Because, in most agricultural commodities, production and marketing are interlinked, the infrastructure, information and other resources required for building market entry can be enormous. Sometimes this is way beyond the scope of private organisations, so Government may get involved. It may get involved not just to support a specific commodity, but also to help the public good. Whilst the building of a new road may assist the speedy and expeditious transport of vegetables, for example, and thus aid in their marketing, the road can be put to other uses, in the drive for public good utilities. Moreover, entry strategies are often marked by lumpy investments. Huge investments may have to be undertaken, with the investor paying a high risk price, long before the full utilisation of the investment comes. Good examples of this include the building of port facilities or food processing or freezing facilities. Moreover, the equipment may not be able to be used for other processes, so the as set specific equipment, locked into a specific use, may make the owner very vulnerable to the bargaining power of raw material suppliers and product buyers who process alternative production or trading options. Zimfreeze, Zimbabwe is experiencing such problems. It built a large freezing plant for vegetables but found itself without a contract. It has been forced, at the moment, to accept sub optional volume product materials just in order to keep the plant ticking over. In building a market entry strategy, time is a crucial factor. The building of an intelligence system and creating an image through promotion takes time, effort and money. Brand names do not appear overnight. Large investments in promotion campaigns are needed. Transaction costs also are a critical factor in building up a market entry strategy and can become a high barrier to international trade. Costs include search and bargaining costs. Physical distance, language barriers, logistics costs and risk limit the direct monitoring of trade partners. Enforcement of contracts may be costly and weak legal integration between countries makes things difficult. Also, these factors are important when considering a market entry strategy. In fact these factors may be so costly and risky that Governments, rather than private individuals, often get involved in commodity systems. This can be seen in the case of the Citrus Marketing Board of Israel. With a monopoly export marketing board, the entire system can behave like a single firm, regulating the mix and quality of products going to different markets and negotiating with transporters and buyers. Whilst these Boards can experience economies of scale and absorb many of the risks listed above, they can shield producers from information about, and from. buyers. They can also become the fiefdoms of vested interests and become political in nature. They then result in giving reduced production incentives and cease to be demand or market orientated, which is detrimental to producers. Normal ways of expanding the markets are by expansion of product line, geographical development or both. It is important to note that the more the product line and/or the geographic area is expanded the greater will be the managerial complexity. New market opportunities may be made available by expansion but the risks may outweigh the advantages, in fact it may be better to concentrate on a few geographic areas and do things well. This is typical of the horticultural industry of Kenya and Zimbabwe. Traditionally these have concentrated on European markets where the markets are well known. Ways to concentrate include concentrating on geographic areas, reducing operational variety (more standard products) or making the organisational form more appropriate. In the latter the attempt is made to globalise the offering and the organisation to match it. This is true of organisations like Coca Cola and MacDonalds. Global strategies include country centred strategies (highly decentralised and limited international coordination), local market approaches (the marketing mix developed with the specific local (foreign) market in mind) or the lead market approach (develop a market which will be a best predictor of other markets). Global approaches give economies of scale and the sharing of costs and risks between markets. Entry strategies There are a variety of ways in which organisations can enter foreign markets. The three main ways are by direct or indirect export or production in a foreign country (see figure 7.2). Exporting Exporting is the most traditional and well established form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of goods produced in one country into another. Whilst no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country, significant investments in marketing are required. The tendency may be not to obtain as much detailed marketing information as compared to manufacturing in marketing country; however, this does not negate the need for a detailed marketing strategy. The advantages of exporting are: à · manufacturing is home based thus, it is less risky than overseas based à · gives an opportunity to learn overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar à · reduces the potential risks of operating overseas. The disadvantage is mainly that one can be at the mercy of overseas agents and so the lack of control has to be weighed against the advantages. For example, in the exporting of African horticultural products, the agents and Dutch flower auctions are in a position to dictate to producers. A distinction has to be drawn between passive and aggressive exporting. A passive exporter awaits orders or comes across them by chance; an aggressive exporter develops marketing strategies which provide a broad and clear picture of what the firm intends to do in the foreign market. Pavord and Bogart2 (1975) found significant differences with regard to the severity of exporting problems in motivating pressures between seekers and non-seekers of export opportunities. They distinguished between firms whose marketing efforts were characterized by no activity, minor activity and aggressive activity. Those firms who are aggressive have clearly defined plans and strategy, including product, price, promotion, distribution and research elements. Passiveness versus aggressiveness depends on the motivation to export. In countries like Tanzania and Zambia, which have embarked on structural adjustment programmes, organisations are being encouraged to export, motivated by foreign exchange earnings potential, saturated domestic markets, growth and expansion objectives, and the need to repay debts incurred by the borrowings to finance the programmes. The type of export response is dependent on how the pressures are perceived by the decision maker. Piercy (1982)3 highlights the fact that the degree of involvement in foreign operations depends on endogenous versus exogenous motivating factors, that is, whether the motivations were as a result of active or aggressive behaviour based on the firms internal situation (endogenous) or as a result of reactive environmental changes (exogenous). If the firm achieves initial success at exporting quickly all to the good, but the risks of failure in the early stages are high. The learning effect in exporting is usually very quick. The key is to learn how to minimise risks associated with the initial stages of market entry and commitment this process of incremental involvement is called creeping commitment (see figure 7.3). Exporting methods include direct or indirect export. In direct exporting the organisation may use an agent, distributor, or overseas subsidiary, or act via a Government agency. In effect, the Grain Marketing Board in Zimbabwe, being commercialised but still having Government control, is a Government agency. The Government, via the Board, are the only permitted maize exporters. Bodies like the Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) in Kenya may be merely a promotional body, dealing with advertising, information flows and so on, or it may be active in exporting itself, particularly giving approval (like HCDA does) to all export documents. In direct exporting the major problem is that of market information. The exporters task is to choose a market, find a representative or agent, set up the physical distribution and documentation, promote and price the product. Control, or the lack of it, is a major problem which often results in decisions on pricing, certification and promoti on being in the hands of others. Certainly, the phytosanitary requirements in Europe for horticultural produce sourced in Africa are getting very demanding. Similarly, exporters are price takers as produce is sourced also from the Caribbean and Eastern countries. In the months June to September, Europe is on season because it can grow its own produce, so prices are low. As such, producers are better supplying to local food processors. In the European winter prices are much better, but product competition remains. According to Collett4 (1991)) exporting requires a partnership between exporter, importer, government and transport. Without these four coordinating activities the risk of failure is increased. Contracts between buyer and seller are a must. Forwarders and agents can play a vital role in the logistics procedures such as booking air space and arranging documentation. A typical coordinated marketing channel for the export of Kenyan horticultural produce is given in figure 7.4. In this case the exporters can also be growers and in the low season both these and other exporters may send produce to food processors which is also exported. Figure 7.4 The export marketing channel for Kenyan horticultural products. Exporting can be very lucrative, especially if it is of high value added produce. For example in 1992/93 Zimbabwe exported 5 338,38 tonnes of flowers, 4 678,18 tonnes of horticultural produce and 12 000 tonnes of citrus at a total value of about US$ 22 016,56 million. In some cases a mixture of direct and indirect exporting may be achieved with mixed results. For example, the Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe may export grain directly to Zambia, or may sell it to a relief agency like the United Nations, for feeding the Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Payment arrangements may be different for the two transactions. Nali products of Malawi gives an interesting example of a passive to active exporting mode. CASE 7.1 Nali Producers Malawi Nali group, has, since the early 1970s, been engaged in the growing and exporting of spices. Spices are also used in the production of a variety of sauces for both the local and export market. Its major success has been the growing and exporting of Birdseye chilies. In the early days knowledge of the market was scanty and thus the company was obtaining ridiculously low prices. Towards the end of 1978 Nali chilies were in great demand, yet still the company, in its passive mode, did not fully appreciate the competitive implications of the business until a number of firms, including Lonrho and Press Farming, started to grow and export. Again, due to the lack of information, a product of its passivity, the firm did not realise that Uganda, with their superior product, and Papua New Guinea were major exporters, However, the full potential of these countries was hampered by internal difficulties. Nali was able to grow into a successful commercial enterprise. However, with the end of the internal problems, Uganda in particular, began an aggressive exporting policy, using their overseas legations as commercial propagandists. Nali had to respond with a more formal and active marketing operation. However it is being now hampered by a number of important exogenous factors. The entry of a number of new Malawian growers, with inferior products, has damaged the Malawian chili reputation, so has the lack of a clear Government policy and the lack of financing for traders, growers and exporters. The latter only serves to emphasise the point made by Collett, not only do organisations need to be aggressive, they also need to enlist the support of Government and importers. It is interesting to note that Korey (1986) warns that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocs like the EU or EFTA means that the establishing of subsidiaries may be one of the only means forward in future. It is interesting to note that Korey5 1986 warned that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocks like the EU or EFTA means that the establishment of subsidiaries may be one of the only ways forward in future. Indirect methods of exporting include the use of trading companies (very much used for commodities like cotton, soya, cocoa), export management companies, piggybacking and countertrade. Indirect methods offer a number of advantages including: à · Contracts in the operating market or worldwide à · Commission sates give high motivation (not necessarily loyalty) à · Manufacturer/exporter needs little expertise à · Credit acceptance takes burden from manufacturer. Piggybacking Piggybacking is an interesting development. The method means that organisations with little exporting skill may use the services of one that has. Another form is the consolidation of orders by a number of companies in order to take advantage of bulk buying. Normally these would be geographically adjacent or able to be served, say, on an air route. The fertilizer manufacturers of Zimbabwe, for example, could piggyback with the South Africans who both import potassium from outside their respective countries. Countertrade By far the largest indirect method of exporting is countertrade. Competitive intensity means more and more investment in marketing. In this situation the organisation may expand operations by operating in markets where competition is less intense but currency based exchange is not possible. Also, countries may wish to trade in spite of the degree of competition, but currency again is a problem. Countertrade can also be used to stimulate home industries or where raw materials are in short supply. It can, also, give a basis for reciprocal trade. Estimates vary, but countertrade accounts for about 20-30% of world trade, involving some 90 nations and between US $100-150 billion in value. The UN defines countertrade as commercial transactions in which provisions are made, in one of a series of related contracts, for payment by deliveries of goods and/or services in addition to, or in place of, financial settlement. Countertrade is the modem form of barter, except contracts are not legal and it is not covered by GATT. It can be used to circumvent import quotas. Countertrade can take many forms. Basically two separate contracts are involved, one for the delivery of and payment for the goods supplied and the other for the purchase of and payment for the goods imported. The performance of one contract is not contingent on the other although the seller is in effect accepting products and services from the importing country in partial or total settlement for his exports. There is a broad agreement that countertrade can take various forms of exchange like barter, counter purchase, switch trading and compensation (buyback). For example, in 1986 Albania began offering items like spring water, tomato juice and chrome ore in exchange for a contract to build a US $60 million fertilizer and methanol complex. Information on potential exchange can be obtained from embassies, trade missions or the EU trading desks. Barter is the direct exchange of one good for another, although valuation of respective commodities is difficult, so a currency is used to underpin the items value. Barter trade can take a number of formats. Simple barter is the least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetarised trade. Often it is called straight, classical or pure barter. Barter is a direct exchange of goods and services between two parties. Shadow prices are approximated for products flowing in either direction. Generally no middlemen are involved. Usually contracts for no more than one year are concluded, however, if for longer life spans, provisions are included to handle exchange ratio fluctuations when world prices change. Closed end barter deals are modifications of straight barter in that a buyer is found for goods taken in barter before the contract is signed by the two trading parties. No money is involved and risks related to product quality are significantly reduced. Clearing account barter, also termed clearing agreements, clearing arrangements, bilateral clearing accounts or simply bilateral clearing, is where the principle is for the trades to balance without either party having to acquire hard currency. In this form of barter, each party agrees in a single contract to purchase a specified and usually equal value of goods and services. The duration of these transactions is commonly one year, although occasionally they may extend over a longer time period. The contracts value is expressed in non-convertible, clearing account units (also termed clearing dollars) that effectively represent a line of credit in the central bank of the country with no money involved. Clearing account units are universally accepted for the accounting of trade between countries and parties whose commercial relationships are based on bilateral agreements. The contract sets forth the goods to be exchanged, the rates of exchange, and the length of time for completing the transaction. Limited export or import surpluses may be accumulated by either party for short periods. Generally, after one years time, imbalances are settled by one of the following approaches: credit against the following year, acceptance of unwanted goods, payment of a previously specified penalty or payment of the difference in hard currency. Trading specialists have also initiated the practice of buying clearing dollars at a discount for the purpose of using them to purchase saleable products. In turn, the trader may forfeit a portion of the discount to sell these products for hard currency on the international market. Compared with simple barter, clearing accounts offer greater flexibility in the length of time for drawdown on the lines of credit and the types of products exchanged. Counter purchase, or buyback, is where the customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the seller buys some of the customers own products in return (compensatory products). Alternatively, if exchange is being organised at national government level then the seller agrees to purchase compensatory goods from an unrelated organisation up to a pre-specified value (offset deal). The difference between the two is that contractual obligations related to counter purchase can extend over a longer period of time and the contract requires each party to the deal to settle most or all of their account with currency or trade credits to an agreed currency value. Where the seller has no need for the item bought he may sell the produce on, usually at a discounted price, to a third party. This is called a switch deal. In the past a number of tractors have been brought into Zimbabwe from East European countries by switch deals. Compensation (buy-backs) is where the supplier agrees to take the output of the facility over a specified period of time or to a specified volume as payment. For example, an overseas company may agree to build a plant in Zambia, and output over an agreed period of time or agreed volume of produce is exported to the builder until the period has elapsed. The plant then becomes the property of Zambia. Khoury6 (1984) categorises countertrade as follows (see figure 7.5): One problem is the marketability of products received in countertrade. This problem can be reduced by the use of specialised trading companies which, for a fee ranging between 1 and 5% of the value of the transaction, will provide trade related services like transportation, marketing, financing, credit extension, etc. These are ever growing in size. Countertrade has disadvantages: à · Not covered by GATT so dumping may occur à · Quality is not of international standard so costly to the customer and trader à · Variety is tow so marketing of wkat is limited à · Difficult to set prices and service quality à · Inconsistency of delivery and specification, à · Difficult to revert to currency trading so quality may decline further and therefore product is harder to market. Figure 7.5 Classification of countertrade Shipley and Neale7 (1988) therefore suggest the following: à · Ensure the benefits outweigh the disadvantages à · Try to minimise the ratio of compensation goods to cash if possible inspect the goods for specifications à · Include all transactions and other costs involved in countertrade in the nominal value specified for the goods being sold à · Avoid the possibility of error of exploitation by first gaining a thorough understanding of the customers buying systems, regulations and politics, à · Ensure that any compensation goods received as payment are not subject to import controls. Despite these problems countertrade is likely to grow as a major indirect entry method, especially in developing countries. Foreign production Besides exporting, other market entry strategies include licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, ownership and participation in export processing zones or free trade zones. Licensing: Licensing is defined as the method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor. It is quite similar to the franchise operation. Coca Cola is an excellent example of licensing. In Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the licence to make Coke. Licensing involves little expense and involvement. The only cost is signing the agreement and policing its implementation. Licensing gives the following advantages: à · Good way to start in foreign operations and open the door to low risk manufacturing relationships à · Linkage of parent and receiving partner interests means both get most out of marketing effort à · Capital not tied up in foreign operation and à · Options to buy into partner exist or provision to take royalties in stock. The disadvantages are: à · Limited form of participation to length of agreement, specific product, process or trademark à · Potential returns from marketing and manufacturing may be lost à · Partner develops know-how and so licence is short à · Licensees become competitors overcome by having cross technology transfer deals and à · Requires considerable fact finding, planning, investigation and interpretation. Those who decide to license ought to keep the options open for extending market participation. This can be done through joint ventures with the licensee. Joint ventures Joint ventures can be defined as an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation. Joint ventures are a more extensive form of participation than either exporting or licensing. In Zimbabwe, Olivine industries has a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing. Joint ventures give the following advantages: à · Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in-depth knowledge with a foreign partner with know-how in technology or process à · Joint financial strength à · May be only means of entry and à · May be the source of supply for a third country. They also have disadvantages: à · Partners do not have full control of management à · May be impossible to recover capital if need be à · Disagreement on third party markets to serve and à · Partners may have different views on expected benefits. If the partners carefully map out in advance what they expect to achieve and how, then many problems can be overcome. Ownership: The most extensive form of participation is 100% ownership and this involves the greatest commitment in capital and managerial effort. The ability to communicate and control 100% may outweigh any of the disadvantages of joint ventures and licensing. However, as mentioned earlier, repatriation of earnings and capital has to be carefully monitored. The more unstable the environment the less likely is the ownership pathway an option. These forms of participation: exporting, licensing, joint ventures or ownership, are on a continuum rather than discrete and can take many formats. Anderson and Coughlan8 (1987) summarise the entry mode as a choice between company owned or controlled methods integrated channels or independent channels. Integrated channels offer the advantages of planning and control of resources, flow of information, and faster market penetration, and are a visible sign of commitment. The disadvantages are that they incur many costs (especially marketing), the risks are high, some may be more effective than others (due to culture) and in some cases their credibility amongst locals may be lower than that of controlled independents. Independent channels offer lower performance costs, risks, less capital, high local knowledge and credibility. Disadvantages include less market information flow, greater coordinating and control difficulties and motivational difficulties. In addition they may not be will ing to spend money on market development and selection of good intermediaries may be difficult as good ones are usually taken up anyway. Once in a market, companies have to decide on a strategy for expansion. One may be to concentrate on a few segments in a few countries typical are cashewnuts from Tanzania and horticultural exports from Zimbabwe and Kenya or concentrate on one country and diversify into segments. Other activities include country and market segment concentration typical of Coca Cola or Gerber baby foods, and finally country and segment diversification. Another way of looking at it is by identifying three basic business strategies: stage one international, stage two multinational (strategies correspond to ethnocentric and polycentric orientations respectively) and stage three global strategy (corresponds with geocentric orientation). The basic philosophy behind stage one is extension of programmes and products, behind stage two is decentralisation as far as possible to local operators and behind stage three is an integration which seeks to synthesize inputs from world and regional headquarters an d the country organisation. Whilst most developing countries are hardly in stage one, they have within them organisations which are in stage three. This has often led to a rebellion against the operations of multinationals, often unfounded. Export processing zones (EPZ) Whilst not Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4677455252039999663.post-25139534942972257152019-11-13T15:21:00.001-08:002019-11-13T15:21:03.941-08:00Book Report On the Lost World :: essays research papers Book Report on "The Lost World" Characters: The main character in the book is Ian Malcolm, a middle aged mathematician and a little bit of an explorer. The man who set up the exploration, Richard Levine, is a rich and reckless yet well known adventurer who spends a lot of his time and money exploring different places around the world and helps at a middle school to give students of ideas of careers in science. Sarah Harding is a zoologist who was hired to possibly deal with some of the animals. Jack Thorne is the man who made all of the special equipment the group is taking with them and he went along to help and show everyone how to and operate most of the vehicles. Synopsis: My book is about how Richard Levine tries to and does find the InGen corporation's second dinosaur island which he had been searching for and trying to locate for years. The second island is only a few hundred miles away from the original , and they both were abandoned when a freak and tragic incident left nearly everyone on both islands dead. Not many people who knew about the second island survived so it took him a long time to find one of the old employees of InGen and get him to tell him about and the location of the island. With his information Levine made a team of five people to take to the island himself, Ian Malcolm Sarah Harding, Jack Thorne, and Eddie Carr, the top employee of Thorne. They were going to leave in two weeks when Thorne finds out that Levine has left for the island early wanting to be the first one to ââ¬Å" officiallyâ⬠find it. He and the small crew of people he took with him were attacked and all but Levine were killed. He would be found later. The team left for the island soon after to try and find him. Unknown to anyone, two of Levine's students at the middle school where he helps, sneaked into the cargo of the plane and went to the island with them. His two star pupils, Kelly and Arby really wanted to go when he told them that he was going on an exploration in the Caribbean to an unknown island. Almost as soon as they got to the island Kelly and Arby were found and everyone realized that they shouldn't but were going to have to stay the whole expedition. At the time they didn't mind. They later set up base and took the Explorer they brought to look around. Camila Jessuphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226797230162193264noreply@blogger.com0